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首页> 外文期刊>Physiological Reviews >Calcium at fertilization and in early development.
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Calcium at fertilization and in early development.

机译：钙在受精和早期发育。

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Fertilization calcium waves are introduced, and the evidence from which we can infer general mechanisms of these waves is presented. The two main classes of hypotheses put forward to explain the generation of the fertilization calcium wave are set out, and it is concluded that initiation of the fertilization calcium wave can be most generally explained in invertebrates by a mechanism in which an activating substance enters the egg from the sperm on sperm-egg fusion, activating the egg by stimulating phospholipase C activation through a src family kinase pathway and in mammals by the diffusion of a sperm-specific phospholipase C from sperm to egg on sperm-egg fusion. The fertilization calcium wave is then set into the context of cell cycle control, and the mechanism of repetitive calcium spiking in mammalian eggs is investigated. Evidence that calcium signals control cell division in early embryos is reviewed, and it is concluded that calcium signals are essential at all three stages of cell division inearly embryos. Evidence that phosphoinositide signaling pathways control the resumption of meiosis during oocyte maturation is considered. It is concluded on balance that the evidence points to a need for phosphoinositide/calcium signaling during resumption of meiosis. Changes to the calcium signaling machinery occur during meiosis to enable the production of a calcium wave in the mature oocyte when it is fertilized; evidence that the shape and structure of the endoplasmic reticulum alters dynamically during maturation and after fertilization is reviewed, and the link between ER dynamics and the cytoskeleton is discussed. There is evidence that calcium signaling plays a key part in the development of patterning in early embryos. Morphogenesis in ascidian, frog, and zebrafish embryos is briefly described to provide the developmental context in which calcium signals act. Intracellular calcium waves that may play a role in axis formation in ascidian are discussed. Evidence that the Wingless/calcium signaling pathway is a strong ventralizing signal in Xenopus, mediated by phosphoinositide signaling, is adumbrated. The central role that calcium channels play in morphogenetic movements during gastrulation and in ectodermal and mesodermal gene expression during late gastrulation is demonstrated. Experiments in zebrafish provide a strong indication that calcium signals are essential for pattern formation and organogenesis.
机译：介绍了施肥钙波，并提供了可以推断这些波的一般机理的证据。提出了两种主要的假设来解释受精钙波的产生，并且得出结论，无脊椎动物中受精钙波的产生可以最普遍地通过激活物质进入卵子的机制来解释。在精卵融合中从精子中分离出来，通过刺激通过src家族激酶途径的磷脂酶C活化来激活卵，在哺乳动物中，通过在精卵融合中从精子向卵中扩散精子特异性磷脂酶C来激活哺乳动物。然后将受精钙波置于细胞周期控制的背景下，并研究了哺乳动物卵中重复钙突刺的机制。钙信号控制早期胚胎中细胞分裂的证据进行了审查，并得出结论，钙信号在早期胚胎的细胞分裂的所有三个阶段都是必不可少的。考虑到磷酸肌醇信号通路控制卵母细胞成熟过程中减数分裂的恢复的证据。总体上可以得出结论，证据表明在减数分裂恢复期间需要磷酸肌醇/钙信号传导。减数分裂过程中会发生钙信号传导机制的变化，从而使受精卵在成熟卵母细胞中产生钙波。有证据表明，内质网的形状和结构在成熟过程中和受精后会动态变化，并讨论了内质网动力学与细胞骨架之间的联系。有证据表明，钙信号传导在早期胚胎的模式形成中起关键作用。简要描述了海鞘，青蛙和斑马鱼胚胎中的形态发生，以提供钙信号起作用的发育环境。讨论了可能在海鞘轴形成中起作用的细胞内钙波。无翼/钙信号通路是在非洲爪蟾中由磷酸肌醇信号传导介导的强腹侧信号的证据。钙通道在胃形成期间在形态发生运动中以及在晚期胃形成期间在外胚层和中胚层基因表达中起着核心作用。在斑马鱼中进行的实验强烈表明钙信号对于模式形成和器官发生至关重要。

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