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Environmental Threats to Security, Stability, and U.S. Interests in Southern Africa: Opportunity Knocks - Time for a Comprehensive Region Defense Environmental International Cooperation and Environmental Security Assistance Strategy

机译：南部非洲对安全，稳定和美国利益的环境威胁：机遇爆发 - 全面区域防御的时间环境国际合作和环境安全援助战略

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Significant strides have been made in much of southern Africa in terms of economic development, conflict resolution, and political development and democratization. 'Traditional' security challenges in the region are largely on the wane but, environmental trends and stresses which significantly threaten human security and state stability in the region could slow or undermine the area's progress. Environmental security threats in the region overlap with U.S. regional and global security interests including: terrorism and violent extremism, epidemic and pandemic disease, climate change, and transnational organized crime. An organizing strategic construct, agreeable to regional countries, around which security cooperation can be conceptualized and military to military relations build has been lacking. Environmental security provides such a rubric and offers tremendous opportunities for the United States and its regional partners. Defense Environmental International Cooperation (DEIC) and other environmental related security assistance can significantly enhance regional security and further U.S. regional strategic ends. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and U.S Africa Command (AFRICOM) should devise, implement, and fund a regional DEIC and environmental security assistance strategy that integrates with and supports broader U.S., regional, and international environmental efforts. Such as strategy should be centered upon three pillars: 1. Geography (anchor state and ink spot approach) 2. Environmental Crime and Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief (HADR) 3. Sustainability.

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作者
Jasparro, C.;
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年度 2009
页码 1-30
总页数 30
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类工业技术;
关键词
Humanitarian assistance ; Subsaharan africa ; Environmental protection ; Military forces(Foreign) ; Hazards ; Threats ; Natural resources ; Security ; Fresh water ; Shortages ; Geography ; Terrorism ; Cooperation ; South africa ; Community relations ; Angola ; Mozambique ; Crimes ; Malawi ; Epidemics ; Strategy ; Interagency coordination ; Military forces(United states) ; Stability;

机译：人道主义援助;非洲撒哈拉以南;环境保护;军事力量（外国）;危害;威胁;自然资源;安全;淡水;短缺;地理;恐怖主义;合作;南非;社区关系;安哥拉;莫桑比克;犯罪;马拉维;流行病战略;机构间协调;军事力量（美国）;稳定性;

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7. INTRODUCTION After fourteen years of pioneering systematic work spanning from 1996 to 2010, carried out in the territory of Santa Catarina State, SC, within the Brazilian Southern region, framed in the socalled Atlantic Slope of the Southern Cone of South America (Agudo-Padrón, 2008a), a basic list of continental (land and freshwater) and marine mollusc species was compiled. Besides constant interactions and consultations with numerous national and international specialists, such a list was mostly based on available literature and/or analyses of voucher specimens deposited in collections belonging to research centers or environmental education institutes. To date (up to the first semester of 2010), this list comprises a total of 878 taxa (species and subspecies, including 695 marine and 183 continental forms), and these numbers are likely to increase as field surveys ensue. In the present study, results obtained from the author’s active participation in three recent regional field sampling expeditions dealing with marine and continental mollusc taxa, are reported. I. Official State program for listing and control of invasive exotic species Starting from November 2009, and for the first time in the history of Santa Catarina State, the presence of invasive allochthonous mollusc species in Santa Catarina State was studied and discussed through the organisation of seminars by the Official Foundation for the Environment of the State of Santa Catarina (Fundação do Meio Ambiente – FATMA) jointly with the Hórus Institute for Development and Environmental Conservation (Instituto Hórus de Desenvolvimento e Conservação Ambiental), with the main goal to compile the Official State List of Species. To date, the occurrence of a total of twenty allochthonous (exotic) forms of mollusc species has been confirmed, 14 Gastropoda and 6 Bivalvia namely, 11 terrestrial gastropods, 5 freshwater taxa (3 gastropods and 2 bivalves) and 4 marine bivalves. Taking into account the contributions of Agudo Bleicker (2006a), Agudo-Padrón (2008b) and Agudo-Padrón Lenhard (2010), the slug Pallifera sp. - the taxonomic determination of which is still in process (Thomé et al., 2006) - was included within such a list. Of these twenty Mollusca and environmental conservation in Santa Catarina State (SC, Southern Brazil): current situation [O] . A. Ignacio Agudo-Padrón 2011

机译：引言经过十四年的开展系统工作，从1996年到2010年，在南卡罗来纳州南卡罗来纳州圣卡塔琳娜州境内开展，在南美洲南锥体所谓的大西洋坡（agudo-padrón， 2008a），编制了大陆（陆地和淡水）和海洋软体动物物种的基本清单。除了与众多国家和国际专家不断互动和协商之外，这样的清单主要基于现有文献和/或存放在属于研究中心或环境教育机构的馆藏中的凭证标本的分析。到目前为止（截至2010年第一季度），该清单共包括878个分类群（物种和亚种，包括695种海洋和183种大陆形式），随着实地调查的发生，这些数字可能会增加。在本研究中，报告了作者积极参与最近三次涉及海洋和大陆软体动物类群的区域野外抽样考察的结果。 I.列入和控制外来入侵物种的官方国家方案从2009年11月开始，圣卡塔琳娜州历史上第一次通过组织“圣卡塔琳娜州”对圣卡塔琳娜州的入侵性异地软体动物物种的存在进行了研究和讨论。由圣卡塔琳娜州官方基金会（Fundaçãomomeio ambiente - FaTma）与Hórus发展与环境保护研究所（InstitutoHórusdeDesenvolvimento eConservaçãoambiental）联合举办的研讨会，主要目标是编制官方州物种清单。到目前为止，已确认共发生了20种异地（外来）形式的软体动物物种，14种腹足纲和6种双壳纲即11种陆生腹足类动物，5种淡水类群（3种腹足动物和2种双壳类动物）和4种海洋双壳类动物。考虑到agudo＆Bleicker（2006a），agudo-padrón（2008b）和agudo-padrón＆Lenhard（2010）的贡献，pallifera sp。 - 其中的分类学决定仍在进行中（Thomé等，2006） - 被列入此类清单。在圣卡塔琳娜州（sC，巴西南部）的这20个软体动物和环境保护中：当前的情况

Environmental Threats to Security, Stability, and U.S. Interests in Southern Africa: Opportunity Knocks - Time for a Comprehensive Region Defense Environmental International Cooperation and Environmental Security Assistance Strategy

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