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Early Subsurface Temperature Measurements in the Netherlands

机译：荷兰的早期地下温度测量

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The earliest known subsurface temperature measurements in the Netherlands were made in a borehole at Utrecht in 1879. From 1912--1914, temperatures were measured at depths up to 1400 m in areas of structural highs where the Carboniferous strata were encountered at relatively shallow depths. The boreholes penetrated strata of Tertiary, Senonian, Triassic, Upper Permian and Carboniferous age. Exploration was resumed in the Peel Horst in 1952, followed by measurements in the South Limburg district in 1956. Detailed studies were made in the Groningen gas field and in S. Limburg (reported in 1975). The types of thermometers used are described and the results obtained are presented in graphs and tables. The data are correlated with lithology and stratigraphy, as well as with the salinity of interstitial waters. Very low geothermal gradients are found in Quaternary to Upper Tertiary strata due to infiltration of meteoric waters. This percolation affects both salinity and thermal gradient. In upper Carboniferous and post-Carboniferous formations, the waters are fresh or only weakly saline. Gradients are less than the continental average in these areas. In the main body of the Carboniferous, gradients are higher, due to the low thermal conductivity of coal. Low gradients in the Zechstein and lower Bunter Formations are due to the high conductivities of anhydrite and rock salt. The structurally high areas studied are not representative of the larger, basinal parts of the Netherlands. (ERA citation 03:039939)

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