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首页> 美国政府科技报告 >Agricultural Evolution in Java: The Decline of Shared Poverty and Involution
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Agricultural Evolution in Java: The Decline of Shared Poverty and Involution

机译：Java中的农业演变：共同贫困与内卷化的衰落

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The concept of agricultural involution in the structure of rural society particularly as it applies to Java is examined and evaluated. Using recent evidence on the character of agricultural change in rural Java, the author questions the validity of the concept in explaining and understanding events of the 1960's and 1970's. Involution implies that over a long period of time, wet-rice cultivation could absorb additional labor without reducing per-capita income. This concept was later extended to various other activities and regions in Java. Critics of this definition mention that farmers' non-agricultural income, regional differences in social and economic structure, and a logitudinal perspective are not considered. Shared property at the consumption and distribution levels of analysis is thought analogous to involution at the production level. However, critical shortcomings to this theory result from the failure to consider unequal ownership and control of land and the nature of social relationships in Java. Two harvesting methods (bawon and tebasan) are described as they relate to labor use, harvester share, and harvesting technology. Research evidence suggests that the presumed equilibrium between labor supply and labor absorption is becoming less important than the concepts of efficiency and profit in the economy of agricultural production.

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