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Democratic Values, Political Structures, and Alternative Politics in Greater China

机译：大中华地区的民主价值观，政治结构和另类政治

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This study addresses the relationship among popular attitudes toward democracy, a state's political structures-parties, elections, and the government bodies to which candidates in these societies are elected-and the ways in which people participate in politics. It argues that high levels of popular democratic consciousness and strong demands for participation, in the absence of legitimate democratic institutions, lead citizens to resort to nonformal political strategies, including civil disobedience, to meet their needs. Thus, despite the existence in East Asia of some democratic institutions, formal constitutions often emasculate or limit the role of the political institutions so that political outcomes are controlled by extraparliamentary alliances, local political factions, or political oligarchies, leading to the emergence of 'illiberal democracy.' But when social forces cannot use democratic institutions to assert their interests, they will resort to informal procedures. While some of these are highly democratic, such as legal, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), others involve social protest and extralegal political activity. This study analyzes political consciousness, political institutions, and patterns of participation in three Chinese societies-Taiwan,Hong Kong, and rural China.

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