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Health Standards For Long Duration and Exploration Spaceflight: Ethics Principles, Responsibilities, and Decision Framework

机译：长期和探索航天的健康标准：道德原则，责任和决策框架

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Since its inception, the U.S. human spaceflight program has grown from launching a single man into orbit to an ongoing space presence aboard the International Space Station (ISS) with partners from many nations. Human spaceflight inherently involves a high degree of risk during all phases of any space mission, including terrestrial training and vehicle testing, launch, inflight during the mission, and landing. Health risks during long duration and exploration spaceflights include shortterm health consequences (e.g., nausea or fatigue from acute radiation exposure during a solar storm, injury, blurred vision), as well as longterm health consequences that arise or continue months or years after a flight (e.g., radiation-induced cancers, loss of bone mass). Long duration and exploration spaceflights (including extended stays on the ISS or exploration missions to an asteroid or Mars) will likely expose crews to levels of known risks beyond those allowed by current health standards, as well as to a wide range of risks that are poorly characterized, uncertain, and perhaps unforeseeable. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to develop an ethics framework and to identify principles to guide decision making about health standards for long duration and exploration class missions when existing health standards cannot be fully met or adequate standards cannot be developed based on existing evidence.

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