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Trade dispute settlement mechanisms: the WTO dispute settlement understanding in the wake of the GATT

机译：贸易争端解决机制：关贸总协定对世贸组织争端解决的理解

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A critical feature of the GATT Uruguay Round negotiations was the establishment of a new and more effective system of dealing with international trade disputes, known as the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). The original GATT dispute settlement system comprised rudimentary remnants of a more thorough framework contained in the defunct Havana Charter of the International Trade Organization (ITO). By the time of the start of the Uruguay Round negotiations in Punta del Este in 1986, the effectiveness and credibility of the GATT dispute settlement system was being very seriously questioned. The primary reason for the increasing lack of confidence in the system was the propensity of GATT contracting countries to ignore the findings of Panels, resulting in a stalemate in a number of high profile trade disputes. Several trade disputes between the EU and the United States discussed were initiated under the GATT dispute settlement system but remained unresolved. These disputes became increasingly acrimonious as a direct consequence of the failure of the GATT system to enforce a satisfactory resolution. This paper provides an outline of the workings of the GATT and WTO dispute settlement systems underlie several recent trade disputes. The first two sections deal with the GATT system of settling trade disputes. The first details the key elements of the GATT dispute settlement system while the second considers its performance in resolving disputes. Section 3 outlines the origins of the WTO DSU and summarises its principal Articles. The WTO DSU is appraised on the basis of its first nine years of operation in Section 4 followed by a brief discussion of the key issues that have arisen from its operation. The final Section makes some concluding comments on the relative efficacy of the GATT and WTO dispute settlement systems.
机译：关贸总协定乌拉圭回合谈判的一个关键特征是建立了一个处理国际贸易争端的新的，更有效的系统，即世贸组织争端解决谅解（DSU）。关贸总协定最初的争端解决系统包括国际贸易组织（ITO）已废止的《哈瓦那宪章》中所包含的更彻底框架的基本残余。 1986年在埃斯特角城开始乌拉圭回合谈判之时，关贸总协定争端解决制度的效力和信誉受到了严重质疑。对这一制度越来越缺乏信心的主要原因是，关贸总协定缔约国无视专家小组的调查结果，导致许多备受关注的贸易争端陷入僵局。在关贸总协定争端解决制度下，引发了欧盟和美国之间的数项贸易争端，但仍未解决。关贸总协定体系未能执行令人满意的解决方案的直接后果是，这些争端愈演愈烈。本文概述了关贸总协定和世贸组织争端解决系统的工作原理，这些系统是最近几个贸易争端的基础。前两节介绍关贸总协定解决贸易争端的制度。第一个详细介绍了关贸总协定争端解决系统的关键要素，而第二个则考虑了其在解决争端中的表现。第3节概述了WTO DSU的起源并总结了其主要条款。在第4节中对WTO DSU的运作进行了前9年的评估，然后简要讨论了其运作中产生的关键问题。最后一部分对关贸总协定和世贸组织争端解决制度的相对效力作了结论性评论。

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