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Globalising cartography?:the International Map of the World, the International Geographical Union, and the United Nations

机译:全球化制图?:世界国际地图,国际地理联盟和联合国

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摘要

Few maps mirror the history of the twentieth century as closely as the International Map of the World (IMW). A proposal for a map of the entire globe on a scale of 1:1 million, using standard conventions and symbols, was presented at the Fifth International Geographical Congress (IGC) in Berne in 1891 by the German geographer Albrecht Penck. Over two decades later, the final specification was finally published shortly before the outbreak of World War One, a crisis that brought a halt to the international collaboration on which the project depended. The IMW’s fortunes waxed and waned over the next three decades, necessitating a major review of its continuing value after World War Two. A new IMW Executive Commission under the chairmanship of John Kirtland Wright, Director of the American Geographical Society (AGS), was established at the 1949 Lisbon conference of the International Geographical Union (IGU). Drawing on Wright’s correspondence in the AGS archives, this paper examines the debates between the national cartographic agencies and related societies involved in this project about the future of the IMW, with particular reference to the transfer of the project’s Central Bureau from the British Ordnance Survey in Southampton to the United Nations (UN) in New York in the early 1950s. This discussion, which focused mainly on the need to combine the IMW with an internationalised version of the US-dominated 1:1 million World Aeronautical Chart, reveals the on-going tensions between the ideals of scientific internationalism embodied in the IMW’s original proposal and the harsh realities of national self-interest in the early years of the Cold War.
机译:很少有地图能像世界国际地图(IMW)一样紧密地反映20世纪的历史。 1891年,德国地理学家阿尔布雷希特·彭克(Albrecht Penck)在伯尔尼举行的第五届国际地理会议(IGC)上提出了使用标准约定和符号对全球地球比例为1:1的地图的提案。二十多年后,最终规范终于在第一次世界大战爆发前不久发布,这场危机使该项目所依赖的国际合作中断了。在接下来的三十年中,IMW的命运一落千丈,因此有必要对其第二次世界大战后的持续价值进行重大审查。在1949年国际地理联盟(IGU)里斯本会议上,新成立的IMW执行委员会由美国地理学会(AGS)主任约翰·柯特兰·赖特(John Kirtland Wright)主持。本文利用莱特在AGS档案中的信件,考察了参与该项目的国家制图机构与相关学会之间关于IMW未来的辩论,特别是参考了英国中央军械库从该项目的中央局移交该项目。 1950年代初,纽约南安普敦来到联合国。讨论主要集中在将IMW与国际化版本的美国占主导地位的1:1百万世界航图相结合的需要上,它揭示了IMW原始提案所体现的科学国际主义理想与国际上的持续紧张关系。冷战初期,国家利益的严酷现实。

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