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>Moss Biomonitoring in Use: Small Scale Area Investigation of Heavy Metals Air Pollution - Mines and Smelter Plant Environments in the Republic of Macedonia
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Moss Biomonitoring in Use: Small Scale Area Investigation of Heavy Metals Air Pollution - Mines and Smelter Plant Environments in the Republic of Macedonia
Application of several moss species for monitoring of the anthropogenic impact on heavy metals air pollution in a small scale area was studied. Mosses were reviewed for their potential to reflect metal air pollution. The attention was focused on their quantification ability, underlying the metal accumulation in the moss plant tissue. Potential “hot spots” were selected in areas of lead and zinc mines (case study at Zletovo mine and Sasa mine), copper mine (Bučim mine), ferronickel smelter plant (FENI industry) and the abandoned As-Sb-Tl mine at the Allchar area, as the main metal pollution sources in the Republic of Macedonia in the period between 2010-2012. There is continuous distribution of dust from ore, flotation tailings and slag surface. This results in air-introduction and deposition of higher contents of certain metals. Several moss species (Hypnum cupressiforme, Campothecium lutescens, Scleropodium purum and Homolothecium sericium) were used as plant sampling media. Determination of chemical elements was conducted by using both instrumental techniques: atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES) and mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS). Combination of multivariate techniques (PCA, FA and CA) was applied for data processing and identification of elements associated with lithogenic or anthropogenic origin. Spatial distribution maps were created for determination and localization of narrower areas with higher contents of certain anthropogenic elements. In this way, influences of selected human activities in local (small scale) air pollution cases can be determined. Summarized data reveal real quantification of elements distribution not only in order to determine the hazardous elements distribution, but also present complete characterization of elements deposition in mines/smelter plant environs.
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