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Local NGOs in national development : the case of East Timor

机译：国家发展中的地方非政府组织：东帝汶的情况

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This thesis explores the roles and experiences of local East Timorese non-government organisations through the multiple transitions which accompanied East Timor's process of independence in the period 1999-2004. It explores how NGOs attempted to influence the changing environment in which they were operating, particularly in the development of the new nation. In doing so, it examines how the actual experience of these local NGOs relates to theories of civil society and NGOs in the various phases of transition to democracy, state and nation building and post-conflict peacebuilding. After reviewing literature relating to the role of civil society and NGOs in democratisation, development and peacebuilding, and identifying some key issues to explore, the study turns to the particular context of East Timor. It summarizes the colonial history, with a particular focus on governance, development and the emergence of civil society and NGOs in that territory, and the phases of the transition. It then focuses closely on six leading East Timorese NGOs, which between them reflect different organisational origins and sectoral interests and which were perceived to be playing significant roles within the NGO community. The case study chapters describe briefly the history of each NGO, then trace their stories over an approximately five year period. They explore how the visions, strategies, programs and organisational systems of these NGOs changed as the context changed. The case studies show how adaptive these NGOs were, how excluded some of them were by the huge influx of international players after the ballot, but how, in the absence of a legitimate government, they were included in various processes in a number of important ways during the UNTAET period. These studies also reveal some of the challenges the NGOs faced as the new government took over in May 2002. The study concludes by summarising the changing roles and capacities of the NGOs, highlighting the many roles which local NGOs played throughout the study period, and the way in which they met new demands placed upon them. It identifies capacities critical for these NGOs' survival and development, and identifies some strategies which the NGOs themselves identified as useful in helping them attain these. It also identifies some areas which they found challenging and where more capacity development may have been valuable. Finally the study reflects on the actual experiences of Timorese NGOs compared to theory and experiences elsewhere relating to democracy, development and peacebuilding. The findings, which emphasise the changing relationship of the new state to its citizens, suggest that the civil society and development practice, which has been strongly based on de Tocqueville's approach to civil society, is not particularly helpful in a post-conflict setting. Instead, an adapted Gramscian approach, viewing civil and political society as interrelated sites in which a struggle to embed non-violent means of apportioning power are being waged, could be of greater analytic and practical value.
机译：本文通过伴随东帝汶1999-2004年独立进程的多重过渡，探讨了东帝汶地方非政府组织的作用和经验。它探讨了非政府组织如何试图影响其经营中不断变化的环境，特别是在新国家的发展中。在此过程中，它考察了这些地方非政府组织的实际经验在过渡到民主，国家和国家建设以及冲突后建设和平的各个阶段如何与民间社会和非政府组织的理论联系起来。在审查了有关民间社会和非政府组织在民主化，发展与和平建设中的作用的文献，并确定了一些需要探讨的关键问题之后，研究转向了东帝汶的具体情况。它概述了殖民历史，特别着重于该领土上的治理，发展以及民间社会和非政府组织的兴起以及过渡阶段。然后，它密切关注六个主要的东帝汶非政府组织，它们之间反映了不同的组织起源和部门利益，被认为在非政府组织社区中发挥着重要作用。案例研究章节简要介绍了每个非政府组织的历史，然后追溯了大约五年的故事。他们探讨了这些NGO的愿景，战略，计划和组织系统如何随着环境的变化而变化。案例研究表明，这些非政府组织的适应能力如何，在投票后大量涌入的国际参与者如何排除了其中的一些非政府组织，但是，在没有合法政府的情况下，它们如何以多种重要方式被包括在各个过程中在东帝汶过渡当局时期。这些研究还揭示了NGO在2002年5月新政府接任时所面临的一些挑战。研究总结了NGO不断变化的角色和能力，强调了整个研究期间当地NGO扮演的许多角色，以及他们满足新要求的方式。它确定了对这些非政府组织的生存和发展至关重要的能力，并确定了一些非政府组织本身认为有助于他们实现这些目标的战略。它还确定了一些他们认为具有挑战性的领域，在这些领域中更多的能力开发可能是有价值的。最后，该研究反映了东帝汶非政府组织的实际经验与其他与民主，发展与和平建设有关的理论和经验。调查结果强调了新国家与其公民之间不断变化的关系，这些发现表明，在托克维尔的公民社会方法基础上建立的公民社会和发展实践在冲突后环境中并没有特别的帮助。取而代之的是，将公民社会和政治社会视为相互关联的场所，在其中进行嵌入非暴力分配力量的斗争，这是一种经过改编的葛兰西式方法，可能具有更大的分析和实用价值。

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    Hunt J;

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