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Impacts of 2006 Indonesian fires and dynamics on tropical upper tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone

机译：2006年印尼大火和动力学对热带对流层一氧化碳和臭氧的影响

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We investigate the relative impacts of biomass burningemissions and dynamics on tropical upper tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO)and ozone (O) over western and central Indonesia during theAugust–November 2006 fires in equatorial Asia by using a globalthree-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-Chem) and bycomparing model results with Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations ofupper tropospheric CO and O. GEOS-Chem CO and O showsimilarities with MLS observed enhancements from convective lifting of fireemissions. In the tropical upper troposphere (UT), fire effluents fromequatorial Asia are primarily transported southwestward to the easterntropical Indian Ocean, driven by the high-pressure systems along10° N–15° N and 10° S–15° S latitudes, and northeastward to southeastAsia and beyond, driven by the western North Pacific subtropical high. Acharacteristic feature of these CO enhancements is that they lag behindbiomass burning emissions (by 2–3 weeks) at the three pressure levels 215,147 and 100 hPa, resulting from the decreasing influence of deep convectivelifting with altitude in the tropical UT. Inclusion of biomass burninginjection height significantly improves model comparison with observations.We estimate the fire influences by contrasting one model simulation withyear-specific and another with climatological biomass burning emissions.Biomass burning accounts for about 50–150 ppbv of CO and 5–15 ppbv ofO in the tropical UT below 100 hPa during October and November, withtemporal variations driven by biomass burning and deep convection. Weestimate the dynamic impacts by examining the difference between a modelsimulation for 2006 (El Niño) and another for 2005 (neutral). Thedynamic impacts are far more complex and account for up to 100 ppbv of COand 30 ppbv of O in the tropical UT below 100 hPa. The temporalvariation of the dynamic impact on CO is driven by deep convection. Thevariation of the dynamic impact on O depends on deep convection aswell as the associated lightning NO emissions and also reflectsnon-linearity of O chemistry.
机译：我们使用全球三维对流层化学模型（GEOS），调查了2006年8月至11月赤道亚洲大火期间印度尼西亚西部和中部热带地区对流层上一氧化碳（CO）和臭氧（O）的生物量燃烧排放和动力学的相对影响。 -Chem），并通过对流层上方CO和O的微波Limb Sounder（MLS）观测结果与模型结果进行比较。GEOS-ChemCO和O与MLS的相似之处表明，对流排放的火势会增强。在热带对流层（UT）中，来自赤道亚洲的排放物主要在高压系统的驱动下，沿着南北15°至北15°和南北10°至北15°向西南输送到东亚热带印度洋，然后向东北方向输送到东亚。东南亚及以后，受西北太平洋副热带高压带动。这些CO增强的特征是，它们在三个压力水平215,147和100 hPa时落后于生物质燃烧排放（2-3周），这是由于深空对流举升对热带UT海拔的影响逐渐减小所致。包括生物质燃烧的喷射高度可显着改善模型与观测值的比较。我们通过将一种模拟与特定年份的模拟模拟与另一种模拟与气候生物质燃烧的排放进行对比来估算火灾的影响。生物质燃烧约占CO的50-150 ppbv和O的5-15 ppbv在10月和11月低于100 hPa的热带UT中，生物量燃烧和深对流驱动时空变化。通过检查2006年模型模拟（厄尔尼诺）与2005年模型模拟（中性）之间的差异，来估算动态影响。动力学影响要复杂得多，在低于100 hPa的热带UT中，CO高达100 ppbv，O高达30 ppbv。动态对CO影响的时间变化是由深对流驱动的。对O的动态影响的变化取决于深对流以及相关的闪电NO排放，还反映了O化学的非线性。

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