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Spectral optical layer properties of cirrus from collocated airborne measurements and simulations

机译：通过并置的机载测量和模拟得出的卷云的光谱光学层特性

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Spectral upward and downward solar irradiances fromvertically collocated measurements above and below a cirrus layer are used toderive cirrus optical layer properties such as spectral transmissivity,absorptivity, reflectivity, and cloud top albedo. The radiation measurementsare complemented by in situ cirrus crystal size distribution measurements andradiative transfer simulations based on the microphysical data. The closecollocation of the radiative and microphysical measurements, above, beneath,and inside the cirrus, is accomplished by using a research aircraft (Learjet35A) in tandem with the towed sensor platform AIRTOSS (AIRcraft TOwed SensorShuttle). AIRTOSS can be released from and retracted back to the researchaircraft by means of a cable up to a distance of 4 km. Data were collectedfrom two field campaigns over the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in spring andlate summer 2013. One measurement flight over the North Sea proved to beexemplary, and as such the results are used to illustrate the benefits ofcollocated sampling. The radiative transfer simulations were applied toquantify the impact of cloud particle properties such as crystal shape,effective radius , and optical thickness oncirrus spectral optical layer properties. Furthermore, the radiative effectsof low-level, liquid water (warm) clouds as frequently observed beneath thecirrus are evaluated. They may cause changes in the radiative forcing of thecirrus by a factor of 2. When low-level clouds below the cirrus are nottaken into account, the radiative cooling effect (caused by reflection ofsolar radiation) due to the cirrus in the solar (shortwave) spectral range issignificantly overestimated.
机译：来自卷云层上下的垂直并置测量的光谱向上和向下的太阳辐照度用于推导卷云光学层的特性，例如光谱透射率，吸收率，反射率和云顶反照率。辐射测量得到了原位卷云晶体尺寸分布测量和基于微物理数据的辐射转移模拟的补充。卷云在上方，下方和内部的辐射和微物理测量值的紧密并置是通过使用研究飞机（Learjet35A）与牵引式传感器平台AIRTOSS（AIRcraft Towed SensorShuttle）串联完成的。 AIRTOSS可以通过长达4公里的电缆从研究飞机上释放并缩回到研究飞机上。数据是从2013年春季和夏季末在北海和波罗的海进行的两次野战活动收集的。事实证明，在北海进行一次测量飞行是很好的例证，因此，这些结果可用来说明并置采样的好处。应用辐射转移模拟来量化云颗粒性质（如晶体形状，有效半径和光学厚度）对卷积光谱光学层性质的影响。此外，还评估了在卷云下方经常观察到的低层液态水（暖）云的辐射效应。它们可能会导致卷云的辐射强迫发生2倍的变化。如果不考虑卷云以下的低层云，则太阳（短波）中的卷云会导致辐射冷却效应（由太阳辐射反射引起）。光谱范围明显高估了。

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