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Conservation implications of feral pigs in island and mainland ecosystems, and a case study of feral pig expansion in California

机译：野生猪在岛屿与大陆生态系统中的保护意义，以及加州野生猪扩张的案例研究

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摘要

Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are an exotic ungulate which have been widely introduced worldwide with multiple ecosystem and economic consequences. The author conducted a semi-comprehensive literature review directed at identifying the current state of knowledge related to the effects of feral pigs on island and mainland plant and animal communities. Also, the author describes the situation in California where feral pigs that were introduced in the late 1700s are now widespread due to hunting-related introductions and natural range extensions. Feral pigs on predator-free oceanic islands are a serious conservation problem because they attain high densities and have contributed to near-extinctions and extinctions of multiple endemic plants and vertebrates. In mainland ecosystems, however, feral pigs can have both positive and negative effects depending on the local circumstances. Rooting, for example, can have both positive and negative effects on growth and survival of some trees, soils and soil processes, and the distribution of native and exotic grasses. In general, however, the negative effects of rooting by feral pigs are amplified when population densities are high. Feral pigs may compete with native species for limited resources, but there are limited data relevant to this hypothesis. Based on observations of small amounts of animal matter in their diets, feral pigs eat terrestrial vertebrates and eggs of ground nesting birds, but the importance of predation by feral pigs on native vertebrates is poorly known. Feral pigs also may have important indirect effects in mainland ecosystems by providing a new prey base for native predators which may then increase. In areas of Europe with extant wolf (Canis lupus) populations, wild boar (Sus scrofa) are an important prey species which may be facilitating numerical and geographic recoveries of wolves. Because wild boar are important prey for endangered Amur tigers (Panthera tigris), they are considered important for recovering tiger populations. In Australia, feral pigs are potentially important prey for dingoes (Canis familiaris dingo); whereas, in the United States, endangered Florida panthers (Felis concolor coryi) consumed 23% to 59% feral pigs, and mountain lions (Felis concolor) in Texas and California consumed 5% to 38% feral pigs. Research needs for feral pigs include quantitatively assessing: 1) how acorn foraging by feral pigs limits or influences regeneration of oaks (Quercus sp.); 2) the competitive effects of feral pigs on native species; 3) whether direct predation by feral pigs suppresses small vertebrate populations; and 4) how the availability of feral pigs as prey influences native predator populations.
机译：野猪（SUS Scrofa）是一种异国情调的ungulate，在全球范围内被广泛引入了多种生态系统和经济后果。作者进行了一个半全面的文献综述，目前审查了与野生猪对岛屿和大陆植物和动物社区的影响有关的知识状态。此外，提交人描述了加利福尼亚州的情况，其中在1700年代后期引入的野生猪现在普遍普及，因为狩猎相关的介绍和自然范围扩展。无动物的海洋岛屿上的野猪是一个严重的保护问题，因为它们达到了高密度，并且有助于近乎灭绝和多种地方植物和脊椎动物的灭绝。然而，在内地生态系统中，野生猪可以根据当地情况而具有正面和负面影响。例如，生根可以对某些树木，土壤和土壤过程的生长和生存以及天然和异国草地的分布具有正面和负面影响。然而，通常，当种群密度高时，通过野猪生根的负面影响被扩增。野猪可能与原生物种竞争有限的资源，但数据与本假设有限。基于饮食中少量动物物质的观察，野猪吃陆地脊椎动物和地面筑巢鸡蛋，但野生猪对本地脊椎动物的重要性是众所周知的。通过为原生捕食者提供新的捕食者，野猪在内地生态系统中也可能在内地生态系统中具有重要的间接影响。在欧洲的欧洲领域（Canis Lupus）人口，野猪（SUS Scrofa）是一种重要的猎物，可以促进狼的数值和地理恢复。因为野猪是濒临灭绝的阿穆尔老虎（Panthera Tigris）的重要猎物，所以认为它们被认为是恢复虎种群的重要性。在澳大利亚，野生猪是丁诺斯（Canis Commeryis Dingo）的重要猎物;虽然，在美国，濒临灭绝的佛罗里达黑豹（Felis Condolor Coryi）在德克萨斯州和加利福尼亚州的山狮（Felis Condolor）消耗了23％至59％的野生猪，消耗了5％至38％的野生猪。野猪的研究需求包括定量评估：1）野生猪的限制或影响橡木的再生（栎属SP。）的橡皮榫。 2）野生猪对天然物种的竞争效果; 3）野生猪的直接捕食是否抑制了小脊椎动物的群体; 4）野猪作为猎物的可用性如何影响本地捕食者群体。

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    Rick A. Sweitzer;

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  • 年度 1998
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