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Hydrochemical characterization of shallow and deep groundwater in Basement Complex areas of southern Kebbi State, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria

机译：尼日利亚Sokoto盆地南部地下室复杂地区浅层和深层地下水的水化学特征

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Abstract Groundwater under Basement Complex areas of southern Kebbi has been characterized in order to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation use. Water samples were drawn from shallow groundwater (hand-dug shallow wells  40 m). Physical parameters (i.e., temperature, TDS, pH, and EC), were determined in situ, using handheld meters. Discrete water samples were obtained for determination of chemical parameters. Results from several-sample ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) suggested that heterogeneity in water table appeared to exert significant influence on groundwater chemistry which is characterized by a significant difference in pH, EC TH, Na+, Zn2+, Mg2+, PO4 3−, Cl−, HCO3 −, SO4 2−, and NO3 − concentrations. Also, ions including Fe3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Na+, PO4 3−, and SO4 2− are above World Health Organization (2011) and National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (2007) reference guidelines. Most of the groundwater sources are moderately hard. Groundwater classification based on chloride, EC, and TDS revealed water of excellent quality for all types of uses. However, groundwater classification based on nitrate pollution revealed water of poor quality. Rock mineral is the major mechanism controlling water chemistry, as revealed by the Gibbs model. Most of the water sources have positive Scholler index, indicative of overall base exchange reactions in the underlying aquifers. Such condition was well explained by Piper trilinear diagram, which revealed two types of faces: Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–SO4–Cl. The HCA categorized wells into three groups according to their hydrogeochemical physiognomies. Despite the significant difference in ions concentration and chemical indices, groundwater composition is more influenced by rock weathering than anthropogenic inputs. Groundwater evaluation for irrigation use indicates a significant difference in SAR level which is related to poor permeability index in shallow groundwater. Higher values of Kelly’s index and magnesium adsorption ratio threatened groundwater suitability for irrigation use in the study area.
机译：抽象地下水在南部北部的地下室复杂地区的特点是为了确定其适用性饮用和灌溉用途。从浅层地下水（手挖浅孔40米）中抽取水样。使用手持式仪表以原位确定物理参数（即温度，TDS，pH和EC）。获得离散水样品用于测定化学参数。几种样品Anova（Kruskal-wallis测试）的结果表明，水位中的异质性似乎对地下水化学产生了显着影响，其特征在于pH，EC Th，Na +，Zn2 +，Mg2 +，PO4 3-，CL的显着差异。 - ，HCO3 - ，SO4 2-和NO3 - 浓度。此外，离子包括Fe3 +，Zn2 +，Mg2 +，Na +，PO4 3-和SO4 2-超过世界卫生组织（2011年）和国家饮用水质量标准（2007年）参考指南。大多数地下水来源是适度的。基于氯化物，EC和TDS的地下水分类揭示了所有类型的用途的卓越品质的水。然而，基于硝酸盐污染的地下水分类揭示了质量差的水。岩石矿物是控制水化学的主要机制，如Gibbs模型所透露。大多数水源都有阳性Scholler指数，表明潜在含水层中的整体基础交换反应。吹笛式三轴图的这种病症很好地解释了这两种脸部：Ca-Mg-HCO3和Ca-Mg-So4-Cl。根据其水文相传的地产物理学，HCA将井分为三组。尽管离子浓度和化学指标具有显着差异，但地下水组合物比岩石风化更大，而不是人为输入。灌溉用途的地下水评估表明SAR水平的显着差异，浅层地下水中的渗透指数差。凯利指数和镁吸附率较高的值威胁到研究区灌溉用地的地下水适用性。

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