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Assimilation of Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data in Budhi Gandaki River Basin, Nepal

机译：尼泊尔布达甘达基河流域卫星遥感数据的融雪径流模型（SRM）的同化

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The Himalayan region, a major source of fresh water, is recognized as a water tower of the world. Many perennial rivers originate from Nepal Himalaya, located in the central part of the Himalayan region. Snowmelt water is essential freshwater for living, whereas it poses flood disaster potential, which is a major challenge for sustainable development. Climate change also largely affects snowmelt hydrology. Therefore, river discharge measurement requires crucial attention in the face of climate change, particularly in the Himalayan region. The snowmelt runoff model (SRM) is a frequently used method to measure river discharge in snow-fed mountain river basins. This study attempts to investigate snowmelt contribution in the overall discharge of the Budhi Gandaki River Basin (BGRB) using satellite remote sensing data products through the application of the SRM model. The model outputs were validated based on station measured river discharge data. The results show that SRM performed well in the study basin with a coefficient of determination (R2) >0.880. Moreover, this study found that the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover data and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) meteorological datasets are highly applicable to the SRM in the Himalayan region. The study also shows that snow days have slightly decreased in the last three years, hence snowmelt contribution in overall discharge has decreased slightly in the study area. Finally, this study concludes that MOD10A2 and ECMWF precipitation and two-meter temperature products are highly applicable to measure snowmelt and associated discharge through SRM in the BGRB. Moreover, it also helps with proper freshwater planning, efficient use of winter water flow, and mitigating and preventive measures for the flood disaster.
机译：喜马拉雅地区是淡水的主要来源，被认为是世界的水塔。许多多年生河流来自尼泊尔喜马拉雅山，位于喜马拉雅大地区的中部。雪花水是生活的必不可少的淡水，而它造成洪水灾难潜力，这是可持续发展的主要挑战。气候变化也很大程度上影响了雪地水文。因此，河流放电测量需要在气候变化面前关注，特别是在喜马拉雅地区。雪花径流模型（SRM）是一种常用的方法，可以测量河流山区河流盆地河流排放。本研究试图通过应用SRM模型，调查Budhi Gandaki River河流域（BGRB）全面排放的雪花贡献。基于站测量的河流放电数据验证了模型输出。结果表明，SRM在研究盆地中表现良好，具有测定系数（R2）> 0.880。此外，该研究发现，中度分辨率成像光谱辐射计（MODIS）雪覆盖数据和欧洲中距离（ECMWF）气象数据集高度适用于喜马拉雅地区的SRM。该研究还表明，过去三年下雪天数略有下降，因此在研究区内整体放电的融资贡献减少。最后，本研究得出结论，Mod10A2和ECMWF降水和两米温度产品非常适用于通过BGRB中的SRM测量散户和相关的放电。此外，它还有助于适当的淡水计划，有效地利用冬季水流，以及减轻洪水灾害的缓解和预防措施。

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