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首页> 外文OA文献 >Unraveling the Complex Interplay Between Transcription Factors and Signaling Molecules in Thyroid Differentiation and Function, From Embryos to Adults
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Unraveling the Complex Interplay Between Transcription Factors and Signaling Molecules in Thyroid Differentiation and Function, From Embryos to Adults

机译：从胚胎到成人的胚胎分化和功能之间的转录因子和信号分子之间的复杂相互作用。

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Thyroid differentiation of progenitor cells occurs during embryonic development and in the adult thyroid gland, and the molecular bases of these complex and finely regulated processes are becoming ever more clear. In this Review, we describe the most recent advances in the study of transcription factors, signaling molecules and regulatory pathways controlling thyroid differentiation and development in the mammalian embryo. We also discuss the maintenance of the adult differentiated phenotype to ensure the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. We will focus on endoderm-derived thyroid epithelial cells, which are responsible for the formation of the thyroid follicle, the functional unit of the thyroid gland. The use of animal models and pluripotent stem cells has greatly aided in providing clues to the complicated puzzle of thyroid development and function in adults. The so-called thyroid transcription factors – Nkx2-1, Foxe1, Pax8 and Hhex – were the first pieces of the puzzle identified in mice. Other transcription factors, either acting upstream of or directly with the thyroid transcription factors, were subsequently identified to, almost, complete the puzzle. Among them, the transcription factors Glis3, Sox9 and the cofactor of the Hippo pathway Taz, have emerged as important players in thyroid differentiation and development. The involvement of signaling molecules increases the complexity of the puzzle. In this context, the importance of Bmps, Fgfs and Shh signaling at the onset of development, and of TSH, IGF1 and TGFβ both at the end of terminal differentiation in embryos and in the adult thyroid, are well recognized. All of these aspects are covered herein. Thus, readers will be able to visualize the puzzle of thyroid differentiation with most – if not all – of the pieces in place.
机译：祖先细胞的甲状腺分化在胚胎发育期间和成人甲状腺中发生，并且这些复合物和细化的过程的分子碱变得更加清晰。在本文中，我们描述了在哺乳动物胚胎中控制甲状腺分化和发育的转录因子，信号分子和调节途径研究的最新进展。我们还讨论了成人分化表型的维持，以确保甲状腺激素的生物合成。我们将专注于内胚层衍生的甲状腺上皮细胞，该细胞负责形成甲状腺卵泡的形成，甲状腺功能单元。动物模型和多能干细胞的使用在为成年人的复杂益智提供线索方面大大援助。所谓的甲状腺转录因子 - NKX2-1，Foxe1，Pax8和Hex - 是小鼠中鉴定的第一件难题。随后将其他转录因子在甲状腺转录因子上游或直接与甲状腺转录因子的影响，几乎识别出难题。其中，转录因子GLIS3，SOX9和河马途径TAZ的辅助因子已成为甲状腺分化和发展中的重要参与者。信号分子的介断增加了难题的复杂性。在这种情况下，BMPS，FGF和SHH信号在胚胎和成人甲状腺中末端分化结束时的发育开始，TSH，IGF1和TGFβ的重要性得到了公认的。本文涵盖了所有这些方面。因此，读者能够使甲状腺差异的难题与大多数 - 如果不是全部的作品。

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