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Exploring adaptations to climate change with stakeholders: A participatory method to design grassland-based farming systems

机译：利益相关者探索适应气候变化：一种设计草地农业系统的参与式方法

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Research is expected to produce knowledge, methods and tools to enhance stakeholders’ adaptive capacity by helping them to anticipate and cope with the effects of climate change at their own level. Farmers face substantial challenges from climate change, from changes in the average temperatures and the precipitation regime to an increased variability of weather conditions and the frequency of extreme events. Such changes can have dramatic consequences for many types of agricultural production systems such as grassland-based livestock systems for which climate change influences the seasonality and productivity of fodder production. We present a participatory design method called FARMORE (FARMOriented REdesign) that allows farmers to design and evaluate adaptations of livestock systems to future climatic conditions. It explicitly considers three climate features in the design and evaluation processes: climate change, climate variability and the limited predictability of weather. FARMORE consists of a sequence of three workshops for which a pre-existing game-like platform was adapted. Various yearround forage production and animal feeding requirements must be assembled by participants with a computerized support system. In workshop 1, farmers aim to produce a configuration that satisfies an average future weather scenario. They refine or revise the previous configuration by considering a sample of the between-year variability of weather in workshop 2. In workshop 3, they explicitly take the limited predictability of weather into account. We present the practical aspects of the method based on four case studies involving twelve farmers from Aveyron (France), and illustrate it through an in-depth description of one of these case studies with three dairy farmers. The case studies shows and discusses how workshop sequencing (1) supports a design process that progressively accommodates complexity of real management contexts by enlarging considerations of climate change to climate variability and low weather predictability, and (2) increases the credibility and salience of the design method. Further enhancements of the method are outlined, especially the selection of pertinent weather scenarios.
机译：预计研究有望通过帮助他们预测和应对气候变化对自己水平的影响来提高利益相关者的适应能力的知识，方法和工具。农民面临着气候变化的大量挑战，从平均温度的变化和降水制度的变化增加了天气条件的变化和极端事件的频率。这种变化可能对许多类型的农业生产系统具有显着的后果，例如气候变化的草原畜牧系统，影响饲料生产的季节性和生产力。我们提出了一种称为Farmore（Farmoriented Redesign）的参与式设计方法，使农民能够设计和评估牲畜系统的适应，以至于未来的气候条件。它明确地考虑了设计和评估过程中的三种气候特征：气候变化，气候变异性和天气可预测性有限。农田包括一系列三个研讨会，适用于预先存在的游戏平台。各种古老的牧草生产和动物饲养要求必须由参与者组装有电脑支持系统的参与者。在研讨会1中，农民旨在生产一种满足平均未来天气场景的配置。他们通过考虑研讨会中的天气变异性的样本，他们通过审议讲习班的天气之间的变化样本来改进或修改以前的配置。在研讨会3中，他们明确地考虑了天气的可预测性。我们介绍了基于四个案例研究的方法的实际方面，涉及来自Aveyron（法国）的十二名农民，并通过深入描述这些案例研究中的三个乳制品。案例研究表明并讨论了研讨会测序（1）如何支持设计过程，通过扩大气候变化对气候变化和低天气可预测性的对气候变化的考虑，（2）增加了设计的可信度和显着性，增加了实际管理环境的复杂性。（2）增加了设计的可信度和显着性方法。概述了该方法的进一步增强，特别是选择相关天气场景。

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