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Shifting rice farming to fish culture in some selected areas of Mymensingh, Bangladesh: the process, conflicts and impacts

机译：在孟加拉国Mymensingh的某些选定地区将水稻种植转向鱼类养殖：过程，冲突和影响

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摘要

The evolutionary process of converting low-lying paddy fields into fish farms and its impact on agrarian communities in some selected areas of Mymensingh district were studied. This study was conducted through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) covering 12 villages from each of selected upazillas viz. Fulpur and Haluaghat of Mymensing [sic] district. A total of 12 PRA sessions were conducted where 90 farmers participated during 29 July to 26 August 2004. It is seen that the use of low-lying paddy fields was mostly confined to Broadcast Aman (B. Aman) rice production until 1960s. With the introduction of modern rice farming technology, the farmers started to produce Boro rice in Rabi season and B. Aman rice in Kharif season. With the passage of time, aquaculture technologies have been evolved and the farmers realized that fish farming is more profitable than rice cultivation, and then they started to utilize their paddy fields for alternate rice-fish farming and rice-cum-fish farming. Now a days, aquaculture based crop production system is in practice in more than 25% of the low-lying paddy fields. Conversion of rice fields in to fish ponds has brought up a change in the livelihood patterns of the rural farmers. The areas where the farmers involved themselves in the new production systems were fingerling collection, transportation and marketing of fry and fingerlings. During 1960s to 1970s, a few people used to culture fish in the permanent ponds for their own consumption, the species produced were rohu, catla, mrigal, ghainna, long whiskered catfish, freshwater shark (boal), snake head (shol) etc. Small fishes like climbing perch, stinging catfish, walking catfish, barb, minnows etc. were available in the rice fields during monsoon season. In 1980s to mid 1990s, some rice fields were converted into fish ponds and the people started to produce fish for commercial purposes. When rice-fish farming became profitable, a large number of people started converting their rice fields in to rice-fish culture ponds. Culture of some exotic fishes like silver carp, tilapia, grass carp, silver barb etc. also started in the paddy fields. Higher income from fish farming contributed positively in improving the housing, sanitation and education system in the study areas. It is seen that the medium and medium high lands were only used for alternate rice fish farming. The net income was high in any fish based cropping system that motivated the farmers to introduce fish based cropping system in the low-lying inland areas. As a result, the regional as well as communal income disparities occurred. However, the extraction of ground water became common during the dry period as the water was used for both rice and fish farming. Mass conversion of paddy fields into rice-fish culture ponds caused water logging in the study areas. In most cases, the participated farmers mentioned that they could be easily benefited by producing fish with T. Aman or only fish during the monsoon season. They agreed that this was an impressive technology to them and they could generate employment opportunities throughout the year. Finally, the social, economic and technical problems which are acting as constraints to rapid expansion of fish production system were reported from the interviewee.
机译：研究了将低洼稻田转变为养鱼场的演变过程及其对Mymensingh区某些选定地区的农业社区的影响。这项研究是通过参与性农村评估（PRA）进行的，该评估涵盖了来自选定upazillas的每个村庄的12个村庄。 Mymensing [sic]区的Fulpur和Haluaghat。在2004年7月29日至8月26日期间，总共进行了12次PRA会议，有90位农民参加。可见，直到1960年代，对低洼稻田的使用大多仅限于广播阿曼（B. Aman）水稻。随着现代水稻种植技术的引入，农民开始在拉比季节种植波罗米，在哈里夫季节开始生产B.阿曼米。随着时间的流逝，水产养殖技术得到了发展，养殖者们意识到鱼类养殖比水稻种植更有利可图，然后他们开始将稻田用于水稻和鱼类兼用的水稻养殖。如今，在超过25％的低洼稻田中，以水产养殖为基础的农作物生产系统已在实践中。稻田改成鱼塘带来了农村农民生计方式的变化。农民参与新生产系统的地区是鱼种的收集，运输和鱼苗和鱼种的销售。在1960年代至1970年代期间，一些人习惯于在永久性池塘中养殖鱼类以供自己消费，所生产的物种为ro鱼，卡特拉，mrigal，ghainna，长须鱼，淡水鲨鱼（野猪），蛇头（shol）等。在季风季节，稻田里有小鱼，如爬高鲈，st鱼，walking鱼，倒钩，min鱼等。在1980年代至1990年代中期，一些稻田被改造成鱼塘，人们开始生产用于商业目的的鱼。当稻田养鱼业开始盈利时，许多人开始将稻田改成稻田养鱼池。稻田也开始养殖Culture鱼，罗非鱼，草鱼，银倒钩等外来鱼类。鱼类养殖业的较高收入为改善研究区的住房，卫生和教育系统做出了积极贡献。可以看出，中高地仅用于替代稻鱼养殖。在任何以鱼为基础的种植系统中，净收入都很高，这促使农民在低洼的内陆地区引进以鱼为基础的种植系统。结果，发生了地区和社区收入差距。但是，由于水被用于水稻和鱼类养殖，因此在干旱时期地下水的提取变得很普遍。稻田向稻鱼养殖池的大量转化导致了研究区的涝灾。在大多数情况下，与会的农民都提到，在季风季节用T. Aman或只用鱼来养殖很容易使他们受益。他们一致认为，这对他们来说是一项令人印象深刻的技术，他们可以全年创造就业机会。最后，受访者报告了社会，经济和技术问题，这些问题制约了鱼类生产系统的迅速发展。

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    Akteruzzaman M.;

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