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Characterizing milk supply and marketing chains and losses in Wolmera and Ejere districts of Ethiopia

机译：描绘埃塞俄比亚Wolmera和Ejere地区的牛奶供销链和损失

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摘要

This study was made with the purposes of characterizing milk supply and marketing chains, postproduction losses of milk, and evaluating the potential of supply chain management approach to reduce milk losses in Ethiopia. Primary data were collected by semi-structured survey questionnaire and interview of key informants. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel sheets. Mapping, characterizations, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected data. Both quantitative and qualitative-narrative methods were used in analysis. The finding revealed that farmers, cooperatives/unions, traders, and catering institutions were the major chain actors in milk chain in the study area. With 73% of milk sold by farmers passing through cooperatives/unions to the next chain actors, cooperatives/unions were the focal firms in this supply chain. Production was characterized by smallholders with few numbers of cows and low productivity of milk per cow per day. Cow breed and lack of access to credit were identified as critical resource and the most constraint that hinder production improvement. Marketing relationships among the chain actors were characterized as lacking long-term market orientation and were mostly on the spot and transaction based. The assessment on the enabling environment indicated further need of support from governmental and non-governmental stakeholders to build the capacity of chain actors, particularly the farmers. The study indicated existence of significant amount of milk losses in the milk chain. With 39% of the total losses happening at cooperatives/union stage, cooperatives/unions were identified as loss hotspot point in the chain. Poor milk handling practice at the collection points, lack of immediate acceptors, milk carrying tools used, means of transport used, and ineffective communication with other partner in the chain were identified in order of severity as important problems causing milk losses in the study area. Based on the study results and review of others’ work in similar contexts, this study argued for SCM to be part of solution in improving this dairy chain. The study showed cases where effectively implemented SCM approach converted dairy chains from chains characterized by dismantled, high conflicts of interests among the chain actors, and high losses of food in the chain to chains with mutual interest trying to maximize the profit to the whole chain actors. Integrated and collective actions by all chain actors aiming at reducing costs, improving quality, and minimizing food losses in the chain were central to these efforts. Therefore, SCM approach needs to be part of the solution in increasing profitability and reducing milk losses in Ethiopia in general and in the study area in particular. However, the needs for detailed further study, some of which are recommended by this study, are worthwhile.
机译：进行这项研究的目的是表征牛奶供应和销售链，牛奶的生产后损失以及评估供应链管理方法减少埃塞俄比亚牛奶损失的潜力。主要数据通过半结构化调查问卷和关键信息提供者的访谈收集。使用SPSS和Microsoft Excel工作表分析收集的数据。映射，特征和描述性统计数据用于分析收集的数据。分析中使用了定量和定性叙事方法。调查结果表明，农民，合作社/工会，贸易商和餐饮机构是研究区域牛奶链的主要连锁参与者。农民出售的牛奶中有73％通过合作社/工会出售给下一个连锁经营者，因此合作社/工会是该供应链中的重点企业。小农户的生产特点是奶牛数量少，每头奶牛每天的产奶量低。奶牛的品种和缺乏获得信贷的机会被认为是至关重要的资源，也是阻碍产量提高的最主要因素。连锁经营者之间的营销关系被认为缺乏长期的市场导向，并且大多是当场和交易为基础的。对有利环境的评估表明，进一步需要政府和非政府利益攸关方的支持，以建设连锁行动者，特别是农民的能力。研究表明，牛奶链中存在大量的牛奶损失。由于39％的总损失发生在合作社/工会阶段，合作社/工会被确定为链中的损失热点。根据严重程度的高低顺序，发现在收集点的牛奶处理实践不佳，缺乏直接接受者，使用的牛奶携带工具，使用的运输方式以及与链中其他伙伴的无效沟通是造成研究区域牛奶损失的重要问题。根据研究结果并在类似情况下回顾其他人的工作，本研究认为SCM应成为改善乳制品链的解决方案的一部分。该研究表明，有效实施SCM方法的案例将乳制品连锁店从具有以下特点的连锁店中解脱出来：连锁经营者之间的利益冲突高，粮食损失高，连锁经营者之间的粮食损失高，从而使双方利益最大化，从而使整个连锁经营者的利润最大化。所有连锁经营者采取的旨在降低成本，提高质量和最大程度减少连锁食品损失的综合和集体行动是这些努力的核心。因此，在埃塞俄比亚，特别是在研究领域，SCM方法需要成为增加利润和减少牛奶损失的解决方案的一部分。但是，有必要进行详细的进一步研究，其中一些是本研究建议的。

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