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Noninvasive molecular imaging of apoptosis in central nervous system by magnetic resonance imaging: Emerging to clinical practice

机译：磁共振成像对中枢神经系统细胞凋亡的无创分子成像：新兴的临床实践

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Apoptosis involves a particular type of cell death that plays an important role in tissue turnover and homeostatic regulation Remove unwanted cells in multicellular organisms and unicellular organized by this process. Cell apoptosis begins with the production and release of various factors. The effects of apoptosis depend on the environment in which is occur programmed cell death. Apoptosis in some cells also causes release of various factors such as cytokines and subsequently mediated activation of other protein mediators of immune and inflammatory response. Today, using genes, inducer metabolites and inhibitors involved in of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, can be immune system (the balance between cellular and humoral immune) is directed towards the desired immune response. There are different methods for detection of apoptotic cells and each of these methods alone cannot be used as the criterion of apoptosis. The activation of caspases also is a marker for cellular damage in diseases. Caspases as an indicator is specific apoptosis therefore determine the activation of caspase can be used to differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis. Molecular imaging is ideally suited to measuring early response by quantifying cellular metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis, activities altered early in treatment. There are now several possible Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) based approaches for detecting apoptosis, in particular tumor apoptosis, which have the potential to be translated into clinical application. Detection of cellular lipid droplet accumulation, using localized Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and changes in tissue architecture using Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) has the virtues that they are completely non-invasive and thus could be implemented in the clinical practice now. Potential disadvantages include a lack of specificity for apoptosis and the possibility that they may be limited in detecting relatively low but clinically relevant, levels of cell death. Finally using labeled molecular factors and inducer proteins and also measurement of metabolites by non-invasive medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be identified the actual mechanisms and pathways of apoptosis as well by manipulated these pathways may be effective in the prevention of diseases such as autoimmune and neurodegenerativ e dis orders. © Medwell Journals, 2016.
机译：凋亡涉及一种特定类型的细胞死亡，这种死亡在组织更新和体内稳态调节中起着重要作用。通过此过程将多细胞生物和单细胞中不需要的细胞清除掉。细胞凋亡始于各种因子的产生和释放。凋亡的作用取决于发生程序性细胞死亡的环境。一些细胞中的细胞凋亡还引起多种因子的释放，例如细胞因子的释放，以及随后介导的其他免疫和炎症反应蛋白介质的激活。如今，利用基因，参与细胞凋亡或程序性细胞死亡的诱导物代谢物和抑制剂可以将免疫系统（细胞免疫与体液免疫之间的平衡）导向所需的免疫反应。检测凋亡细胞的方法不同，单独使用这些方法均不能作为凋亡的判据。半胱天冬酶的激活也是疾病中细胞损伤的标志。胱天蛋白酶是特异性凋亡的指示剂，因此确定胱天蛋白酶的活化可用于区分坏死和凋亡。分子成像非常适合通过量化细胞代谢，增殖和凋亡以及治疗早期改变的活性来测量早期反应。现在有几种可能的基于磁共振成像（MRI）的方法来检测细胞凋亡，特别是肿瘤细胞凋亡，这有可能被转化为临床应用。使用局部磁共振波谱（MRS）检测细胞脂质滴的聚集以及使用扩散加权成像（DWI）检测组织结构的变化具有其完全无创性的优点，因此可以在临床实践中实施。潜在的缺点包括缺乏针对细胞凋亡的特异性，以及在检测相对较低但临床相关的细胞死亡水平时可能会受到限制。最后，使用标记的分子因子和诱导蛋白以及通过非侵入性医学成像技术（例如磁共振波谱法）测量代谢产物，可以确定凋亡的实际机制和途径，以及通过操纵这些途径可以有效预防疾病，例如由于自身免疫和神经退行性疾病。 ©Medwell Journals，2016年。

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