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Assessing the impact of adaptive accessibility on the optimal transport policy implementation by using an integrated land-use/transport model for Madrid

机译：通过使用马德里的土地综合利用/运输模型，评估自适应无障碍通行对最佳交通政策实施的影响

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Accessibility is an essential concept widely used to evaluate the impact of land-use and transport strategies in transport and urban planning. Accessibility is typically evaluated by using a transport model or a land-use model independently or successively without a feedback loop, thus neglecting the interaction effects between the two systems and the induced competition effects among opportunities due to accessibility improvements. More than a mere methodological curiosity, failure to account for land-uduse/transport interactions and the competition effect may result in large underestimation of the policy effects. With the recent development of land-use and transport interaction (LUTI) models, there is a growing interestudin using these models to adequately measure accessibility and evaluate its impact. The current study joins this research stream by embedding an accessibility measure in a LUTI model with two main aims. The first aim is to account for adaptive accessibility, namely the adjustment of the potential accessibility due to the effect of competition among opportunities (e.g., workplaces) as a result of improved accessibility. LUTI models are particularly suitable for assessing adaptive accessibility because the competition factor is a function of the number of jobs, which is related to land-use attractiveness and the number of workers which is related, among other factors, to the transport demand. The second aim is to identify the optimal implementation scenario of policy measures on the basis of the potential and adaptive accessibility and analyseudthe results in terms of social welfare and accessibility. The metropolitan area of Madrid is used as a case-study and two transport policy instruments, namely a cordon toll and bus frequency increase, have been chosen for the simulation study in order to present the usefulness of the approach to urban planners and policy makers. The MARS model (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator) calibrated forudMadrid was employed as the analysis tool. The impact of accessibility is embedded in the model through a social welfare function that includes not only costs and benefits to both road users and transport operators, but also costs and benefits for the government and society in general (external costs). An optimisation procedure is performed by the MARS model for maximizing the value of objective function in order to find the best (optimal) policy impudlementations intensity (i.e., price, frequency). Last, the two policy strategies are evaluated in terms of their accessibility. Results show that the accessibility with competition factor influences the optimal policy implementation level and also generates different results in terms of social welfare. In addition, mapping the difference between the potential and the adaptive accessibility indicators shows that the main changes occur in areas where there is a strong competition among land-use opportunities.
机译：无障碍获取是一个广泛用于评估土地使用和运输策略对运输和城市规划的影响的基本概念。通常通过独立或连续使用运输模型或土地利用模型来评估可访问性，而没有反馈回路，从而忽略了两个系统之间的交互作用以及由于可访问性的改善而导致的机会之间的竞争效应。不能仅凭方法上的好奇心，不考虑土地滥用/运输相互作用和竞争效应，就可能导致对政策效应的低估。随着土地使用和运输互动（LUTI）模型的最新发展，使用这些模型来充分衡量可访问性并评估其影响的兴趣日益增加。本研究通过将可访问性度量嵌入具有两个主要目的的LUTI模型来加入该研究流程。第一个目的是考虑自适应的可访问性，即由于改善的可访问性而导致的机会（例如工作场所）之间的竞争影响对潜在可访问性的调整。 LUTI模型特别适用于评估适应性可达性，因为竞争因素是工作数量的函数，而工作数量与土地利用吸引力和工人数量有关，而运输数量除其他因素外还与运输需求有关。第二个目标是根据潜在和适应性的可及性来确定政策措施的最佳实施方案，并根据社会福利和可及性分析分析结果。马德里大都市地区用作案例研究，模拟研究选择了两种交通政策工具，即警戒线通行费和公交车频率增加，以向城市规划者和政策制定者介绍这种方法的实用性。为udMadrid校准的MARS模型（都市活动迁移模拟器）被用作分析工具。通过社会福利功能将可访问性的影响嵌入模型中，该功能不仅包括对道路使用者和运输运营商的成本和收益，而且还包括对政府和整个社会的成本和收益（外部成本）。 MARS模型执行优化程序以最大化目标函数的值，以便找到最佳（最佳）策略执行强度（即价格，频率）。最后，根据可访问性评估了这两个策略策略。结果表明，具有竞争因素的可及性影响最佳政策的实施水平，并且在社会福利方面也产生不同的结果。此外，通过绘制潜力与适应性可及性指标之间的差异，可以看出主要变化发生在土地利用机会之间存在激烈竞争的地区。

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