Cemeteries are our most important source of information on the life ways of prehistoric people. Differences in mortuary practices can, to some extent, reflect social differences in a prehistoric society, and the study of human slteletal remains can provide information on the sex, age, trauma, genetic relationships, and diet. This research is focussed on the i 4500-year-old Native American cemetery of Pon au Choix-3 locus 11. This site, which was excavated in 1967/68, was attributed to the Maritime Archaic culmre (Tuck 1976). At Port au Choix-3 locus II,93 well preserved human slteletons were discovered, which were buried in three spatially separate clusters. The burials contained many tools, ornaments and other grave goods made of, stone, bone and antler. Almost all individuals were lavishly covered with red ochre. The objective of the research was to formulate a diagnostic reconstruction of the social structure of the Maritime Archaic society of Port au Choix-3 locus 11. This investigation was conducted by means of an analysis of the archaeological and physical anthropological data retrieved by Tuclt (1970, 1971, 1976), Tuck et al. (n.d.) and Anderson (1976, n.d.), in combination with the results of recent studies on non-metric as well as metric skeletal and dental traits, stable isotopes, radiocarbon, and DNA. One of the research questions was whether the three spatial burial clusters reflect different genetic and/or chronological groups, or whether they represent different social status groups. The excellent preservation of the slteletons offered the opportunity to conduct DNA analysis on this material. Permission was granted for sampling 64 individuals. In 26 of those DNA was found and analysed. This pan of the research was conducted in cooperation with researchers of the University of Oxford. By means of DNA analysis we were able to establish the sex of a number of individuals (which in some cases led to sex-determinations that were different From those established by means of the traditional morphological method). DNA analysis, in combination with physical anthropological techniques, showed that the three burial clusters were not genetically separate populations. The skeletons of 29 adults were analysed for their "C/'% and '"N/I5N stable isotope ratios. With these analysis the average diets in the three burial clusters could be reconstructed. In combination with the studies mentioned above, an analysis of the archaeological mortuary attributes was conducted. These attributes can be classified into four mortuary domains; placement in the cemetery (I), grave construction (2), body treatment and position (3) and grave goods (4). We investigated whether or not the mortuary attributes are associated with sex, age and burial cluster. Subsequently all the relations between all the archaeological, physical anthropological, DNA and stable isotope variables were investigated statistically. One of the results of the analyses was the detection of significant differences in diet between two of the three burial clusters. Also significant differences in the amounts of energy invested in the burials were found. in addition to that, in one of the three burial clusters more male slteletons were discovered than one would expect on the basis of a biological 50/50 distribution. This suggests that females and males did not have the same access to these burial clusters. The observed patterning in mortuary practices was compared to ethnographic data. The ethnographic analogies used originate from Algonquian societies which are thought to be comparable to Port au Choix-3. It was concluded that the three clusters are the burial grounds of three different social status groups in the Port au Choix-3 locus I1 society. It is likely that in one of the clusters young and relatively inexperienced hunters were buried. Their diet was heavily based on marine mammals, probably seals, which were easy to catch. In the second burial cluster we find the most sldlled hunters. The greatest variability in diet was found in this group. These hunters were able to hunt all species successfully, and had the highesr status. The greatest energy investment was found in the burials of this cluster. The third cluster consisted, probably, older and/or less capable hunters. Also the sex ratio in this cluster is more equal than that of the other two burial clusters. The subsistence of these people was mainly based on fish. These fish were probably caught in the vicinity of the sertlement. In addition to information on subsistence and social structure, some religious aspects of this prehistoric Native American society could be reconstructed.
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机译：墓地是史前人们生活方式的最重要信息来源。房做法的差异可以在一定程度上反映出史前社会的社会差异，对人类遗骸的研究可以提供有关性别，年龄，外伤，遗传关系和饮食的信息。这项研究的重点是拥有4500年历史的美国原住民坟场Pon au Choix-3的11号墓地。该遗址于1967/68年发掘，归因于海上古风风云（Tuck 1976）。在au Choix-3地点II，发现了保存完好的人类后裔，这些人后裔被埋在三个空间上分开的簇中。这些墓葬包含许多工具，装饰品和其他由石头，骨头和鹿角制成的坟墓。几乎所有的人都被红色石所覆盖。这项研究的目的是制定对au Choix-3港口11海事古代社会社会结构的诊断性重建。该调查是通过对Tuclt（1970）检索的考古和自然人类学数据进行分析而进行的，1971，1976），Tuck等。 （n.d.）和Anderson（1976，n.d.），结合近期关于非公制以及公制骨骼和牙齿特征，稳定同位素，放射性碳和DNA的研究结果。研究问题之一是三个空间埋葬群是否反映了不同的遗传和/或年代顺序，还是它们代表了不同的社会地位群体。 slteletons的出色保存为该材料进行DNA分析提供了机会。允许抽样64个人。发现并分析了其中的26个DNA。这项研究是与牛津大学的研究人员合作进行的。通过DNA分析，我们能够确定许多个体的性别（在某些情况下，性别决定与传统形态学方法所确定的不同）。 DNA分析结合物理人类学技术表明，三个墓葬群体不是遗传上分离的种群。分析了29位成年人的骨骼的“ C /％”和“ N / I5N稳定同位素比”。通过这些分析，可以重建三个墓地的平均饮食。结合上述研究，对考古mort葬属性进行了分析。这些属性可以分为四个房域；放置在墓地（I），坟墓结构（2），身体处理和位置（3）和坟墓物品（4）。我们调查了房属性是否与性别，年龄和墓葬群相关。随后，对所有考古学，自然人类学，DNA与稳定同位素变量之间的所有关系进行了统计研究。分析的结果之一是检测到三个墓葬群中的两个之间的饮食差异显着。在埋葬中投入的能源数量也存在显着差异。除此之外，在三个墓葬群中，有一个发现的雄性后代比根据生物50/50分布所预期的要多。这表明，男性和女性对这些墓葬群的访问不同。将在房实践中观察到的模式与人种学数据进行了比较。所使用的人种志学类比起源于阿尔冈基安社会，被认为可以与au Choix-3港口相提并论。得出的结论是，这三个集群是Port au Choix-3所在地I1社会三个不同社会地位群体的埋葬地。可能是在一个集群中，年轻和相对缺乏经验的猎人被埋葬了。他们的饮食主要以海洋哺乳动物为基础，可能是海豹，它们很容易捕获。在第二个墓葬群中，我们找到了最烂的猎人。在这一组中，饮食差异最大。这些猎人能够成功地猎杀所有物种，并具有较高的地位。在该矿区的墓葬中发现了最大的能源投资。第三个集群可能是年龄较大和/或能力较弱的猎人。而且，在这个群体中的性别比比其他两个埋葬群体中的性别比更相等。这些人的生活主要以鱼为生。这些鱼可能被捕到附近。除了有关生存和社会结构的信息外，还可以重建该史前美国原住民社会的某些宗教方面。
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