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The Kind of Problem a City Will Always Be: A Study of the Epistemological State of Urbanism and the Kind of Problem a City is

机译：城市将永远存在的问题种类：城市主义的认识论状态和城市正在存在的问题种类的研究

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摘要

Jane Jacobs in her seminal work Death and Life of Great American Cities (1993) titled a chapter of her book, The Kind of Problem a City is, and in it, discussed how a city should be understood as a situation of a complex nature. Observers of cities have, from as early as the Renaissance, attempted to identify the kind of problem cities are by comparing them analogically to a variety of subjects and artefacts. This has been done to discuss and extrapolate the issues surrounding what a city is in a multitude of ways and to better grapple the complex issue that the subject of cities pose. However a single explanation or analogy will likely ever satisfy the discourse as a fundamental framework.The difficulty in reaching a single framework is twofold. Firstly cities and the way cities are inhabited, changes and evolves over time. And, secondly, and perhaps more problematically the way we think about them and come to know them also changes and evolves. To put simply, there are epistemological struggles in urbanism that require attending if the complex issue of a city is to ever be reconciled.Empirical observation and interpretation of the city – an alternative technique at the time of Jane Jacobs writing of Death and Life of Great American Cities, is the recording of events and occurrences and looking at how and why these might arise. This is what separated Jane Jacobs from the common school of thought at the time. It was a departure from the overly simplified rational logic of the Modernists – a school of thought made widespread by its success but had extended passed its limitations. Jacobs had observed an underlying and intricately delicate balance that had evolved out of the complex connections in the diversity of the people and their spatial conditions within a city; a balance she called a "ballet of the street". To Jacobs the Modernists obsession of order through ‘orthodox’ planning and zoning that had sought to impose homogeneity over populations and areas simply did not observe or appreciate the complexity of cities and streets that created the very emergent qualities of healthy urbanity. Qualities that Jacobs had noted “ought to be cherished and celebrated”.This thesis therefore delves into contemporary techniques of understanding and observing cities particularly by digitally modelling and dissecting areas to better interpret and come to know the existing urban condition so that we may build better knowledge foundations for urban discourse. It will identify that through changing and diversifying paradigms and epistemologies of knowledge, our perception and our a posteriori ability to identify the kind of problem that cities are, is not static and that it develops and evolves from generation to generation. This is a necessary change that occurs in order to revaluate and solve certain kinds of problems and puzzles that pertain to the generation taking place.The significant point that I argue is that such change, at an epistemological level, is inevitable and necessary. And as these evolving epistemic foundations can dramatically alter the significance and legitimation of the entire body of urban knowledge, then a continuing critical discussion of the contemporary state of epistemic urbanism or a philosophy of urbanism is a necessary task for identifying and framing the kind of problem a city is.Furthermore, this thesis will outline methods of (re-)framing those foundations to better carry over constructive and applicable knowledge that will help build new and contemporary understanding of cities and urbanism. These frameworks and methods will be tested through hypothetical re-design of existing city fabric in order to help realise the applicability of new research techniques.
机译：简·雅各布斯（Jane Jacobs）在她的开创性著作《美国大城市的死亡与生活》（1993）中以她的书《城市的问题种类》为标题，并在其中探讨了如何将城市理解为复杂性质的情况。早在文艺复兴时期，城市观察家就试图通过将城市与各种主题和手工艺品进行类比比较来确定城市所面临的问题。这样做是为了以多种方式讨论和推断围绕城市的问题，并更好地应对城市主题所构成的复杂问题。然而，单一的解释或类推可能会满足作为基本框架的论述。达成单一框架的困难是双重的。首先，城市和城市的居住方式随着时间的流逝而变化和演变。其次，也许更成问题的是，我们对它们的思考和认识的方式也在发生变化和发展。简而言之，如果要调和城市的复杂问题，就需要进行城市主义的认识论斗争。对城市的实证观察和解释是简·雅各布斯（Jane Jacobs）撰写的《死亡与伟大的生命》时的另一种技巧。 《美国城市》是对事件和发生的记录，并探讨了这些事件的发生方式和原因。这就是简·雅各布斯（Jane Jacobs）与当时的普通思想流派的区别。它与现代主义者过于简化的理性逻辑背道而驰，现代主义的思想学因其成功而广为传播，但已超越了其局限性。雅各布斯观察到了一种潜在的，复杂的微妙平衡，这种平衡是由于城市中人们的多样性及其空间条件的复杂联系而发展起来的；她称这种平衡为“街头芭蕾”。对于雅各布斯来说，现代主义者通过“正统”的规划和分区来追求秩序，这种秩序试图在人口和地区上施加同质性，根本就没有观察到或欣赏城市和街道的复杂性，而城市和街道的复杂性却造就了健康的城市性。雅各布斯（Jacobs）指出的品质“应该受到珍视和赞扬”。因此，本文着眼于当代的理解和观察城市技术，尤其是通过对区域进行数字化建模和解剖来更好地解释和了解现有的城市状况，以便我们可以更好地建设城市城市话语的知识基础。它将发现，通过知识的范式和认识论的变化和多样化，我们的感知能力和我们的后验能力可以识别出城市是，不是静止的，并且随着代代相传而发展和演变的问题。这是为了重新评估和解决与一代人有关的某些问题和困惑而发生的必要变化。我认为重要的一点是，在认识论层面上，这种变化是不可避免且必要的。而且，由于这些不断发展的认识论基础可以显着改变整个城市知识体系的意义和合法性，因此，对当代认识论城市主义或城市主义哲学的现状进行持续的批判性讨论，对于确定和解决这类问题是必不可少的任务。此外，本文将概述（重新）构架这些基础的方法，以更好地继承建设性和适用的知识，这将有助于建立对城市和城市主义的新的和当代的理解。这些框架和方法将通过对现有城市结构的假设性重新设计进行测试，以帮助实现新研究技术的适用性。

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    Kominami Takeshi;

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  • 年度 2013
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