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3D cadastral complexities in dense urban areas of developing countries: case studies from Delhi and satellite towns

机译:发展中国家人口稠密地区的3D地籍复杂性:来自德里和卫星城镇的案例研究

摘要

Cadastral systems based on 2D spatial representation have served land administration and property management well for centuries. In India, the basic unit of the cadastral record is the land parcel, which is known as plot. Maintenance of land records with ownership; assessment of tax on the property and tax collection is the responsibility of district authorities. Historically, Delhi has been preferred as a capital by different rulers from various dynasties and invaders coming from different partTS03B_ezeomedo_igbokwe_6421s of the world even before 15th century. As in many densely populated areas even the early developments included 3D solutions, both below and above the surface. In the early days these were rather exceptions, but the 3D use of space has only been increased afterwards due to the continuously growing needs for space and the increased (civil) engineering and construction capabilities. In the early decades after gaining independence in 1947, Delhi rapidly began taking shape of a metro city due to large number of refugees coming from Pakistan who changed the landscape of entire Delhi. By the starting of 21st Century, Delhi had started growing rapidly in terms of population and infrastructure development. This rapid expansion in Delhi and immediate neighbouring cities of Noida and Gurgaon found the land administration agencies of these cities unprepared to deal with this rapidly changing land market. Delhi is managed by various land management agencies. Some have a major role to play in planning and development of the land like Delhi Development Authority while others focus more execution and maintenance like municipal corporations. Delhi does have a long-standing system of Deed registration but have no central registry. In general, records of land held by governmental agencies are maintained by each individual agency. The current paper aims to study the multi-stakeholding urban area locations in Delhi and around where (infrastructural) changes are creating the complex land management situations for the authorities involved. Three cases, mainly related to buildings and apartments, are presented in brief to highlight the different aspects of 3D spatial complexities involved while the forth case study is mode elaborated and focusing on multi-infrastructure (utility) networks in one single area. General Spatial Dimensions for each case are discussed focusing on geometric aspects in vertical and horizontal space below or above surface. As a specific focus, the spatial dimensions are discussed within the context of Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Spatial Unit Package context.
机译:基于二维空间表示的地籍系统已经为土地管理和财产管理服务了数百年。在印度,地籍记录的基本单位是地块,被称为地块。拥有土地记录的维护;评估财产税和税收是区政府的责任。从历史上看,德里一直被不同朝代的统治者和首都,甚至来自15世纪之前的世界不同地区的入侵者TS03B_ezeomedo_igbokwe_6421s视为首都。就像在许多人口稠密的地区一样,甚至早期的开发都包括表面下方和上方的3D解决方案。在早期,这些都是相当例外的情况,但是由于对空间的不断增长的需求以及不断增强的(民用)工程和建筑能力,空间的3D使用此后才有所增加。在1947年获得独立后的最初几十年中,由于大量来自巴基斯坦的难民改变了整个德里的面貌,德里迅速开始成为都会城市。到21世纪初,德里在人口和基础设施发展方面已开始迅速发展。在德里以及邻近的诺伊达和古尔冈等城市的迅速扩张,发现这些城市的土地管理机构不准备应对迅速变化的土地市场。德里由各种土地管理机构管理。有些在像德里发展局这样的土地规划和开发中起着重要作用,而其他一些则像市政公司那样着重于执行和维护。德里确实有一个长期的契约登记制度,但没有中央登记处。通常,政府机构拥有的土地记录由每个机构维护。本文件旨在研究德里多利益相关者的市区位置,以及(基础设施)变化正在为相关当局造成复杂土地管理状况的地方。简要介绍了三个主要与建筑物和公寓有关的案例,以突出显示所涉及的3D空间复杂性的不同方面,而第四种案例研究则以模式进行阐述,并重点关注单个区域中的多基础设施(公用事业)网络。讨论了每种情况的总体空间尺寸,着重讨论了表面下方或上方的垂直和水平空间中的几何形状。作为一个特定的焦点,在“土地管理域模型”(LADM)空间单位组合上下文中讨论了空间维度。

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