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From local to central: a network analysis of who manages plant pest and disease outbreaks across scales

机译：从地方到中央：对谁负责跨规模管理植物病虫害爆发的网络分析

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One of the key determinants of success in managing natural resources is “institutional fit,” i.e., how well the suite of required actions collectively match the scale of the environmental problem. The effective management of pest and pathogen threats to plants is a natural resource problem of particular economic, social, and environmental importance. Responses to incursions are managed by a network of decision makers and managers acting at different spatial and temporal scales. We applied novel network theoretical methods to assess the propensity of growers, local industry, local state government, and state and national government head offices to foster either within- or across-scale coordination during the successful 2001 Australian response to the outbreak of the fungal pathogen black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis). We also reconstructed the response network to proxy what that network would look like today under the Australian government’s revised response system. We illustrate a structural move in the plant biosecurity response system from one that was locally driven to the current top-down system, in which the national government leads coordination of a highly partitioned engagement process. For biological incursions that spread widely across regions, nationally rather than locally managed responses may improve coordination of diverse tasks. However, in dealing with such challenges of institutional fit, local engagement will always be critical in deploying flexible and adaptive local responses based on a national system. The methods we propose detect where and how network structures foster cross-scale interactions, which will contribute to stronger empirical studies of cross-scale environmental governance.
机译：成功管理自然资源的关键决定因素之一是“机构适应性”，即，所需采取的一系列行动与环境问题的规模相匹配的程度。有效控制有害生物和病原体对植物的威胁是具有特别的经济，社会和环境重要性的自然资源问题。入侵的响应由决策者和管理者组成的网络以不同的时空尺度进行管理。我们运用新颖的网络理论方法评估了种植者，地方工业，地方州政府以及州和中央政府总部在2001年澳大利亚对真菌病原体爆发的成功应对中促进内部或跨部门协调的倾向黑色sigatoka（斐济Mycosphaerella）。我们还重建了响应网络，以代理澳大利亚政府修订后的响应系统下该网络今天的样子。我们说明了植物生物安全应对系统从本地驱动到目前的自上而下系统的结构性转变，其中国家政府领导了高度分散的参与过程的协调。对于广泛分布于各个地区的生物入侵，在全国范围而不是在本地进行管理的应对措施可能会改善各种任务的协调性。但是，在应对此类机构适应性挑战时，在基于国家系统部署灵活而适应性的本地应对措施方面，本地参与始终是至关重要的。我们建议的方法可以检测网络结构在何处以及如何促进跨尺度的相互作用，这将有助于对跨尺度的环境治理进行更深入的实证研究。

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