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Hydrogeomorphological Controls On Stream Chemistry And Aquatic Biota In The Catskill Mountains, New York State

机译：纽约州卡茨基尔山溪流化学和水生生物的水文地貌控制

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Traditional Darcy-based models have not been providing satisfactory answers for watershed scientists working in complex landscapes and new methods are thus being developed. Ideally these new methods would characterize discharge patterns, estimate stream chemistry, and can be transferrable between complex and heterogeneous watersheds. In this dissertation, we develop two such methods by relating hydrologic and geomorphologic (or "hydrogeomorphologic") properties to stream chemistry, biota and (preferential) flow patterns. The research is carried out in two different, well-studied watersheds in the Catskill Mountains, New York State: Neversink River and Town Brook. The 176 km2 Neversink River watershed has a detailed discharge, chemistry, and biotic data for nested sub-watersheds (0.2 to 160 km2) that are affected by acid rain. The results from the Neversink River watershed showed that baseflow stream acid buffering chemistry (ANC values and Ca2+ concentrations) was reduced in subwatersheds that were steeper or had more stream channels. Although speculative, we believe that long-term flushing of base cations from the shallow soils during storm runoff events reduces the acid buffering chemistry during baseflow. A simple geomorphologic relationship, based on mean slope and stream channels per area, was strongly correlated to populations of aquatic biota (macroinvertebrate, periphytic diatom, and fish) in "ungaged" sub-watersheds where discharge was not measured. Town Brook watershed (2.5 km2) was investigated to determine the sources and flowpaths of water during nine rainfall events from April 2007 to October 2007. A combination of hydrometric, chemical, and isotopic data sets was measured and surface saturation maps were developed. The results suggested that during precipitation events greater than 1 cm, hill side saturation areas caused by groundwater springs and soil pipes were a significant runoff source. The properties commonly used to infer surface saturation areas in Town Brook (i.e. slope, upslope area, and/or soil transmissivity) predicted general spatial patterns, but were insufficient to estimate surface saturation at the smallest scales measured ( less than 100 m2). The success of hydrogeomorphologic properties in estimating stream acid buffering chemistry and watershed saturation patterns in the two Catskill watersheds suggest that simple alternatives to traditional Darcy-based predictions may be applicable under certain conditions.
机译：传统的基于达西的模型尚未为在复杂景观中工作的分水岭科学家提供令人满意的答案，因此正在开发新的方法。理想情况下，这些新方法可以表征流域格局，估算河流化学性质，并且可以在复杂和非均质流域之间转移。在本文中，我们通过将水文和地貌（或“水文地貌”）性质与流化学，生物群和（优先）流型联系起来，开发了两种方法。这项研究是在纽约州卡茨基尔山脉的两个不同的，经过充分研究的分水岭上进行的：永信河和布鲁克镇。 176 km2的Neversink河流域提供了受酸雨影响的嵌套子流域（0.2至160 km2）的详细流量，化学和生物数据。 Neversink河流域的结果表明，在较陡峭或具有更多河道的子流域，基础流的酸缓冲化学物质（ANC值和Ca2 +浓度）降低了。尽管是推测性的，但我们认为在暴雨径流事件中长期冲洗浅层土壤中的碱阳离子会降低碱流过程中的酸缓冲化学作用。一个简单的地貌关系，基于每个区域的平均坡度和水流通道，与“未灌溉”子流域中未测量流量的水生生物种群（无脊椎动物，周生硅藻和鱼类）紧密相关。在2007年4月至2007年10月的9次降雨事件中，对Town Brook流域（2.5 km2）进行了调查，以确定水的来源和流径。测量了水文，化学和同位素数据集，并绘制了表面饱和度图。结果表明，在大于1 cm的降水事件中，地下水泉和土壤管道引起的山坡饱和区域是重要的径流来源。通常用于推断Town Brook的表面饱和度区域（即坡度，上坡区域和/或土壤透射率）的属性可预测一般的空间格局，但不足以在最小测量尺度（小于100 m2）下估计表面饱和度。在两个卡茨基尔流域中估算河流酸缓冲化学和流域饱和度模式的水文地貌特征的成功表明，在某些条件下，传统达西预测的简单替代方法可能适用。

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    Harpold Adrian;

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  • 年度 2010
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