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首页> 外文OA文献 >Capitalisation des savoir-faire et des gestes professionnels dans le milieu industriel : mise en place d'une aide numérique au compagnonnage métier dans le secteur de l'énergie
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Capitalisation des savoir-faire et des gestes professionnels dans le milieu industriel : mise en place d'une aide numérique au compagnonnage métier dans le secteur de l'énergie

机译：工业环境中的专有技术和专业姿态的资本化：为能源行业的工作指导实施数字协助

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摘要

In large industrial companies, the transmission of the embodied in professional practices traditionally takes place as part of a series of training courses given by former operators and of journeyman practices implemented directly on site. This situation will undoubtedly change, because nowadays many companies are facing the problem of a massive departure of operators into retirement. This requires, on the one hand, the preservation of the appropriate professional gestures for the maintenance of aging technical plant, and on the other hand an adaptation of the professional gestures to technological evolution. In the energy sector, Electricité de France (EDF) is also confronted with this issue of the evolution of these journeyman practices. For the company, the situation is rendered more complex as a result of highly variable practices due to the presence of almost one hundred power generation plants with a wide geographic distribution, and with diversified generation methods involving different cultural practices (nuclear, thermal, hydraulic). The present research addresses two objectives: (1) On the theoretical level, we sought to understand, based on field data, the nature of the explicit and implicit transmission and formalization of knowledge underlying the performance of professional gestures. This takes place: i) on the one hand, by means of the confrontation of the existing approaches in the different schools, at international level, with the empirical reality; ii) and, on the other hand, by means of the identification of the gap in the literature as concerns the treatment and modelling of tacit knowledge and embodied know-how as compared to the practical requirements of transmission. (2) On the practical level, we sought to develop an approach to situational learning of embodied know-how by exploring the recourse to digital ethnography tools. This aims: i) on the one hand, to perpetuate the knowledge linked to the gestures; ii) and, on the other hand, to devise a method for the creation of structured, video-based educational supports. This practical phase has afforded the opportunity to test our models on real life cases. The combination of technical, theoretical and methodological tools we applied has led to the design of several products. We designed, and tested on the field, a method for the capture and analysis of professional gestures. This method is based on dual video recordings: an external camera and a subjective camera mounted on the safety helmet of the operator performing the gesture. This recording is coupled to a specific protocol of oral expression whilst performing the gesture. We also modelled, tested and formalised a teaching resource in an educational setting: the Multimedia platform for APprenticeship (MAP). It is based on a decomposition and structuring of the gesture illustrated primarily by annotated video but also by means of functional schematics images, photos, etc. This decomposition results from the analysis of the gesture carried out upstream and based on Russian Activity Theory and Perceived Quality. These two products provide an operational chain intended for the trainers of EDF's Training Division, for the capture and transmission of the tacit and explicit knowledge involved in professional gestures. The incorporation of the MAP into EDF's educational system, in real life training sessions, has been very positively evaluated and received by both trainers and trainees. In May 2011 it was decided to launch the industrialization phase of the method and the MAP throughout the company.
机译：在大型工业公司中，传统实践中所包含的内容的传递通常是由前操作员提供的一系列培训课程以及直接在现场实施的行家实践的一部分。这种情况无疑会改变，因为如今许多公司都面临着运营商大量退休的问题。一方面，这需要保留适当的专业手势以维护老化的技术工厂，另一方面，需要使专业手势适应技术发展。在能源领域，法国电力公司（EDF）也面临着这些随行人员惯例演变的问题。对于公司而言，由于存在近百家分布广泛的发电厂，并且涉及不同文化习俗（核，热，水力）的多样化发电方式的存在，实践的高度可变性使情况变得更加复杂。 。本研究解决了两个目标：（1）在理论上，我们试图基于现场数据来理解显式和隐式传输的本质以及专业手势性能背后的知识形式化。这发生了：i）一方面，通过国际上不同流派的现有方法与经验现实的对立； ii），另一方面，通过识别文献中与隐性知识和具体知识相关的知识与传输的实际要求相比的差距。 （2）在实践层面上，我们试图通过探索对数字人种志工具的探索，来开发一种方法来具体体现专有技术。目的是：i）一方面，使与手势相关的知识永存； ii），另一方面，设计一种创建基于视频的结构化教育支持的方法。这个实际阶段为我们提供了在实际案例中测试我们的模型的机会。我们应用的技术，理论和方法论工具的结合导致了几种产品的设计。我们在现场设计并测试了一种用于捕获和分析专业手势的方法。该方法基于双重视频记录：外部摄像机和安装在执行手势的操作员安全头盔上的主观摄像机。在执行手势时，此记录将与特定的口头表达协议耦合。我们还在教育环境中对教学资源进行建模，测试和形式化：APprenticeship多媒体平台（MAP）。它基于对手势的分解和结构化，该手势主要由带注释的视频表示，但也借助功能示意图，图像，照片等来进行。这种分解是根据上游进行的手势分析以及基于俄罗斯活动理论和感知质量得出的。这两款产品为EDF培训部的培训人员提供了一条操作链，以捕获和传播涉及专业手势的隐性和显性知识。在现实生活中的培训课程中，将MAP整合到EDF的教育系统中，培训人员和受训人员都非常积极地评价和接受了MAP。 2011年5月，决定在公司范围内启动该方法和MAP的工业化阶段。

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