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Research methods and neurophysiological mechanisms behind the alerting effects of daytime light exposure

机译：白天光照警示作用背后的研究方法和神经生理机制

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摘要

An important aim of today's lighting research is defining and quantifying the optimal parameters of light for maximal alerting response. They would be useful in various clinical and non-clinical applications. The debate has covered the light intensity, the spectral distribution, the duration of the light exposure, and the circadian phase in which the light is administered. However, no consensus over the optimal parameters has been found. The thesis claims that the lack of consensus is due to three things. First, the terminology around alertness is confounding and alertness has not been defined properly. Second, the methods used to study light-induced alertness are not always optimal, because they do not consider the delicacy of the light stimulus nor are they based on the physiology of alertness. Third, the research has concentrated too much on effects instead of causes and therefore the mechanisms behind the alerting effects of light are not yet fully known. The thesis addresses these problems. It begins by discussing the physiology and the terminology behind the term "alertness". On the basis of the discussion, it defines alertness as an activation state of the brain that is induced by stimuli and reduced by the lack of them. The thesis continues with an evaluation of the methods used to study light-induced alertness. First the methods are assessed theoretically and after that the practical testing of heart rate, skin conductance, pupil size and subjective sleepiness is reported. Together, the evaluations show that the methods based on the autonomic nervous system activity are good for detecting the effects. For investigating the causes behind these effects monitoring the central nervous system should be used. Brain imaging is highly recommended. Further on the thesis discusses the neurophysiological mechanisms behind the light-induced alertness in daytime, which are less known than the night-time mechanisms. A new model of two separate pathways from the retina to the activation system is suggested. The new model links emotions to the alerting effects of light. The correlation of subjective mood and alertness is verified with a practical study. A test protocol to study the causal relationship of light, emotions and alertness objectively is also suggested. In addition to the objectives, a few interesting observations from the practical studies are reported. First, exposure to blue-enriched white light was shown to help students to retain their alertness during the natural dip time in the afternoon in the autumn compared to exposure to normal white light. Second, changes in the light exposure were shown to induce greater alerting effects than a constant light exposure. These observations contribute to the search for the optimal parameters of light exposure.
机译：当今照明研究的一个重要目标是定义和量化用于最大警报响应的最佳照明参数。它们将在各种临床和非临床应用中有用。辩论涵盖了光强度，光谱分布，曝光持续时间以及照射光的昼夜节律。但是，尚未找到关于最佳参数的共识。论文认为，缺乏共识是由于三件事。首先，关于警觉性的术语令人困惑，并且对警觉性的定义不正确。其次，用于研究光诱发的警觉性的方法并非总是最优的，因为它们既没有考虑光刺激的细微变化，也没有基于警觉的生理学。第三，研究过多地集中在影响而不是原因上，因此，光警报作用背后的机制尚不完全清楚。本文解决了这些问题。首先讨论“警觉性”一词背后的生理学和术语。在讨论的基础上，它将警觉性定义为大脑的一种激活状态，该状态由刺激引起，并由于缺乏刺激而降低。本文继续对用于研究光诱导警觉性的方法进行评估。首先，从理论上评估这些方法，然后报告心率，皮肤电导，瞳孔大小和主观嗜睡的实际测试。在一起的评估表明，基于自主神经系统活动的方法对于检测效果是很好的。为了调查这些影响背后的原因，应该使用中枢神经系统监测。强烈建议进行脑成像。进一步在论文中讨论了白天光诱发的警觉背后的神经生理机制，这比夜间机制少为人知。建议从视网膜到激活系统的两个独立途径的新模型。新模型将情绪与光的警报效果联系起来。一项实际研究证实了主观情绪与机敏性之间的相关性。还提出了一个测试协议，以客观地研究光，情绪和机敏的因果关系。除了目标之外，还报告了一些来自实践研究的有趣观察。首先，与暴露于普通白光相比，暴露于富含蓝色的白光可以帮助学生在秋季的自然浸入时间内保持机敏。其次，与持续曝光相比，曝光变化显示出更大的警报效果。这些观察有助于寻找最佳的曝光参数。

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    Rautkylä Emilia;

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  • 年度 2011
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