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Practical application of research outcomes in the field for elite athletes

机译：科研成果在优秀运动员领域的实际应用

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Coaches, athletes and practitioners are keen to employ effective evidence-based interventions and strategies in the field to reduce the risk of illness compromising training and competitive performance. Factors affecting immune function and the risk of illness in athletes include: the volume, intensity and load of exercise training, degree of exposure to pathogens, underlying health and medical status of individual athletes, lifestyle behaviours including nutrition, sleep and recovery, and psychosocial issues related to training and competition. Given the lack of specific research studies on elite athletes it is necessary to look more broadly at related disciplines including clinical immunology, general medicine, sports medicine, nutrition, psychology, and exercise physiology. Long term planning by organisations, teams or individual athletes should include a yearly sports medicine consultation, review of primary and secondary vaccination schedules, advice on insect avoidance and malaria prevention, review of allergy and asthmatic conditions, establishing a medical network, and managing team and travel logistics. A dental review should also be considered. Environmental issues include strategies for dealing with jet lag, air pollution, water-based pathogens, thermal stress and culture shock when travelling abroad. The effectiveness of illness prevention or sick packs (containing a gel-based hand sanitiser, medicated lozenges, throat gargle, nasal decongestant, vitamins and minerals, and tissues) for immediate field use has been questioned but these are widely used. Athletes should be educated on coughing etiquette and tissue disposal. In terms of physical or exercise training there are several strategies for limiting the risk of training-induced impairments in immune health, including: increasing the frequency of shorter training sessions, reducing the overall weekly training volume or that of individual sessions, avoiding prolonged intensive sessions, reducing the size of load increments in frequency, volume and intensity, employing shorter rather than longer training macrocycles, implementing sufficient recovery after intense workouts and at the end of a long competitive season or the major competition for the year. There should be a review or debriefing session after competition involving medical, scientific and management staff, a written report of the medical events of the season and/or main competition, referral of athletes experiencing long-term or recurrent/persistent illness for medical review, and early preparations for the following season. A combination of experimental research addressing both efficacy (laboratory) and effectiveness (field) of interventions and strategies, emerging technologies, and the hard-earned clinical and practical experience of physicians, athletes and coaches, will pave the way for improved management of illness in athletes.
机译：教练，运动员和从业人员热衷于在现场采用有效的循证干预措施和策略，以降低疾病风险，从而损害培训和竞争表现。影响运动员免疫功能和患病风险的因素包括：运动训练的数量，强度和负荷，病原体的暴露程度，单个运动员的基本健康状况和医疗状况，包括营养，睡眠和恢复的生活方式行为以及社会心理问题与培训和比赛有关。由于缺乏对优秀运动员的专门研究，因此有必要更广泛地研究相关学科，包括临床免疫学，普通医学，运动医学，营养学，心理学和运动生理学。组织，团体或运动员的长期计划应包括每年的运动医学咨询，初次和二次疫苗接种时间表的审查，有关昆虫避免和疟疾预防的建议，过敏和哮喘状况的审查，建立医疗网络以及管理团队和旅游物流。还应考虑进行牙科检查。环境问题包括应对时差，空气污染，水生病原体，热应力和出国旅行时文化冲击的策略。可以立即用于野外使用的疾病预防或疾病包装（包含基于凝胶的手消毒剂，含药的锭剂，咽喉含漱剂，鼻充血剂，维生素和矿物质以及组织）的有效性受到质疑，但这些被广泛使用。应该对运动员进行咳嗽礼节和组织处置方面的教育。在体育锻炼或运动训练方面，有几种策略可以限制训练引起的免疫健康受损的风险，包括：增加较短训练的频率，减少每周总训练量或减少个别训练的次数，避免长时间的密集训练，减少频率，体积和强度的负荷增量大小，采用较短而不是较长的训练大脚踏车，在剧烈运动后以及漫长的竞争季节或年度主要比赛结束后实现足够的恢复。比赛结束后应有医疗，科学和管理人员参加的复习或汇报会，有关当季医疗事件和/或主要比赛的书面报告，将长期或反复/持续性疾病的运动员转介以进行医疗复习，并为下一个季节做好早期准备。针对干预措施和策略的有效性（实验室）和有效性（领域）的实验研究，新兴技术以及医师，运动员和教练的来之不易的临床和实践经验的结合，将为改善疾病的治疗铺平道路。运动员。

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    Pyne David B;

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