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Sustainability of shallow aquifer beneath an intensive agricultural track-a case study from Western Uttar Pradesh, India

机译：集约农业足迹下浅层含水层的可持续性-以印度北方邦为例

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Groundwater is a primary resource for irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes in most of alluvial tracks of famous Indo-Gangetic plane in India. The study area is bounded by river Krishni and hindon which forms a part of Ganga-Yamuna interfluves. Study shows over-exploitation has created an adverse impact on groundwater regime. The groundwater is being excessively abstracted from shallol aquifer, posing threat to its sustainability. Futher, an attempt has been made to calculate various components of groundwater budget and to propose relevant management plans to curb prevailing groundwater situations. The methodology proposed by Groundwater Resource Estimation Commitee (GEC 1997), with few additions, was adopted to compute the groundwater budget. Various inflows and outflows to and from the aquifer have been calculated. The recharge due to rainfall and other recharge parameters such as horizontal inflows, irrigation return flow and canal seepage were estimated. Groundwater withdrawals from the aquifer i.e through direct pumpage and subsurface outflow were calculated. The result shows deficit groundwater budget. Total groundwater recharge is 185.13 million cubic metres (Mm3), whereas the total groundwater discharge is 253.2 Mm3. Thus, change in groundwater storage is -68.07 Mm3 implies an excess utilization of 37% from aquifer in-storage. According to GEC'97, stage of groundwater development is 137% which categories the area over-exploited category. Future deterioration is expected due to uncontrolled groundwater pumping and lack of surface water irrigation. Due to ease of accessibility and assured supply, groundwater has become backbone of agriculture based economy, Subsequently, groundwater depletion is likely to bring additional economic burden to its user as pumping from deeper levels requires more energy and maintenance. This study recommends introducing strict control on groundwater abstraction in order to manage the groundwater resources in the area.
机译：在印度著名的印格地平面的大部分冲积道中，地下水是灌溉，家庭和工业用途的主要资源。研究区域以克里希尼河和印度教为界，而印度教则构成了恒河-亚穆纳河交汇处的一部分。研究表明，过度开发对地下水状况产生了不利影响。芥子油层中的地下水过多，对其可持续性构成威胁。此外，已尝试计算地下水预算的各个组成部分并提出相关管理计划以遏制当前的地下水状况。地下水资源估算委员会（GEC 1997）提出的方法很少增加，却被用来计算地下水预算。计算了进出含水层的各种流入和流出。估算了由于降雨造成的补给和其他补给参数，例如水平入流，灌溉回流和渠道渗流。计算了从含水层抽取的地下水，即通过直接抽水和地下流出。结果表明地下水预算不足。地下水总补给量为18,513万立方米（Mm3），而地下水总补给量为253.2 Mm3。因此，地下水储量的变化为-68.07 Mm3，意味着含水层储量的过量利用为37％。根据GEC'97的报告，地下水开发阶段为137％，属于过度开发区。由于不受控制的地下水抽取和缺乏地表水灌溉，预计未来会恶化。由于易于获得和有保证的供应，地下水已成为农业经济的骨干。随后，由于从更深层次抽水需要更多的能源和维护，地下水的枯竭可能给用户带来额外的经济负担。本研究建议对地下水提取采取严格的控制措施，以管理该地区的地下水资源。

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