Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to evaluate in the Baltic Sea region the prevalence of an illegitimate wage arrangement whereby formal employers pay their formal employees both an official declared wage as well as a supplementary undeclared (envelope) wage.ududDesign/methodology/approach - A 2007 Eurobarometer survey is reported that evaluates envelope wage practices in 27 European Union (EU) member states. This paper focuses upon the 4,031 face-to-face interviews conducted in four countries from the Baltic Sea region that are now member states of the EU, namely Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.ududFindings - Some one in eight formal employees in these four countries from the Baltic Sea region received an undeclared "envelope" wage from their formal employer during the past 12 months which on average amounted to 45 per cent of their gross wage packet. Although this practice is concentrated in smaller businesses, the construction industry, and amongst younger people, manual workers and lower income groups in these four countries, it is by no means confined to specific pockets of the economic landscape. Rather, it exists throughout these countries in all business types and employee groups.ududResearch limitations/implications - The existence and commonality of envelope wages reveals the need to transcend the dichotomous depiction of formal and informal jobs as always separate and discrete and to recognise how they can be inextricably interwoven. Practical implications - This paper outlines a range of potential policy measures for tack-ling envelope wages and calls for their piloting and evaluation.ududOriginality/value - The first cross-national evaluation of the incidence and nature of envelope wages in the Baltic Sea region and what needs to be done to tackle this practice.ud
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机译：目的-本文的目的是评估波罗的海地区非法工资安排的普遍性，据此，正式雇主既向正式雇员支付正式申报的工资，又向未申报的补充（信封）工资付款。 ud udDesign /方法/方法-据报道，2007年欧洲晴雨表调查了欧盟27个成员国的信封工资实践。本文重点介绍了在波罗的海地区四个国家（现为欧盟成员国）（即爱沙尼亚，拉脱维亚，立陶宛和波兰）进行的4,031面对面采访。 ud ud调查结果-八分之一的正式员工在过去的12个月中，这四个国家在波罗的海地区的波罗的海国家从其正式雇主那里得到了一笔未申报的“信封”工资，平均起来，占其工资总额的45％。尽管这种做法主要集中在这四个国家的小型企业，建筑业以及年轻人，体力劳动者和低收入人群中，但绝不局限于经济领域的特定领域。相反，它存在于所有国家/地区的所有业务类型和员工群体中。认识到它们如何紧密地交织在一起。实际意义-本文概述了解决信封工资的一系列潜在政策措施，并呼吁对其进行试点和评估。 ud ud原创性/价值-对波罗的海信封工资的发生率和性质进行的首次跨国评估海域以及解决此问题需要采取的措施。 ud
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