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Lifetime reproductive Success of Female Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus Tyrannus): Influence of Lifespan, Nest Predation and Body Size

机译：雌性东方必应品（Tyrannus Tyrannus）的终身繁殖成功：寿命，巢穴捕食和体型的影响

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I report on the lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of female Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) in central New York. I investigated the major correlates of LRS and specifi cally tested the hypothesis that small body size yields reproductive benefi ts. Lifetime reproductive success varied widely: 15–20% of females failed to fledge young over their life, whereas 50% of young were fledged by 20% of females. Female lifespan varied between one and eight years, and females that died after one breeding season tended to be smaller-bodied than long-lived females (≥2 seasons). I therefore conducted analyses of LRS for the entire sample and for longer lived females separately. As in other species, lifespan was the strongest predictor of LRS, followed by the proportion of eggs laid that resulted in fl edged young (P). Lifetime reproductive success varied positively with clutch size and, as predicted, inversely with body size (i.e., tarsus length) of females. However, variance partitioning indicated that most variation in LRS was attributable to the effects of lifespan and P, but that a substantial negative covariance existed between lifespan and P. The latter result was consistent with experimental evidence of a cost of reproduction in Eastern Kingbirds. Analysis of the correlates of lifespan, P, and clutch size showed that over a female’s lifetime, (1) the longest-lived birds fl edged an intermediate proportion of the eggs that they laid, (2) the most productive birds were of intermediate wing length, and (3) females with small tarsi produced the largest clutches and lost the fewest nests to predators. Hence, although lifespan was the dominant influence on LRS, negative effects of large female size appeared to be expressed through the influence of body size on other demographic parameters that contribute to LRS.
机译：我报告了在纽约中部的雌性东部必胜鸟（Tyrannus tyrannus）的终生生殖成功（LRS）。我调查了LRS的主要相关因素，并专门检验了小体型会产生生殖益处的假说。终生的生殖成功差异很大：15–20％的女性一生中没有年轻的誓言，而50％的年轻则有20％的女性成年。雌性的寿命在1至8岁之间，并且在一个繁殖季节后死亡的雌性的体形往往比长寿的雌性（≥2个季节）小。因此，我对整个样本和寿命更长的雌性分别进行了LRS分析。与其他物种一样，寿命是LRS的最强预测因子，其次是产卵的比例导致幼雏（P）。终生生殖成功与雌性离合器的大小呈正相关，并且如预期的那样，与雌性的体型（即长度）成反比。但是，方差划分表明，LRS的大部分变化都归因于寿命和P的影响，但是寿命和P之间存在显着的负协方差。后者的结果与东部必胜鸟繁殖成本的实验证据一致。对寿命，P和离体大小的相关性分析表明，在雌性的一生中，（1）寿命最长的鸟的产卵率占中间比例，（2）产蛋率最高的是中翅（3）具小tarsi的雌性产生最大的离合器，而使捕食者损失最少的巢。因此，尽管寿命是影响LRS的主要因素，但女性身材的负面影响似乎是通过身体尺寸对其他影响LRS的人口统计学参数的影响来表达的。

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    Murphy Michael T.;

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