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Public Road Safety Policy Change and its Implementation - Vision Zero a road safety policy innovation

机译：公共道路安全政策的变更及其实施-愿景零道路安全政策创新

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It has been estimated that, worldwide, the number of people killed in road trafficcrashes each year is almost 1.2 million, while the number of injured could be as high as50 million. Although road traffic injuries make up a very complex area, comprehensiveknowledge of the magnitude of the road safety problem and important risk factors, andalso theoretical and practical experiences of effective road safety strategies andmeasures, have been developed over the years. However, we still lack systematicknowledge about the way governments in different time periods have tried to tackle thismajor public health problem.Aims: The overall aim of this thesis is to increase knowledge of road traffic safetypublic policies and their implementation. This is achieved by exploring Vision Zero asa safety policy of this kind. The policy was adopted by the Swedish parliament inOctober 1997.Methods: The thesis comprises four studies, based on a policy analysis approach,where studies I and II focus on policy, and III and IV on policy implementation. For allfour studies, a case study method was utilized, including both single and multiple casestudies. For all the studies, documents produced by governmental bodies were utilizedas the main source of information, and the contents of these documents were analyzed.For studies I and IV, a policy theory approach was adopted in order to analyze the ideasunderpinning Vision Zero as a public policy, and safety cameras as a road safety policyinstrument. For studies II and III, an evaluation approach was adopted.Findings: In study I it is shown that Vision Zero is a politically adopted road safetypublic policy with broad political support. Vision Zero as a road safety policy does notonly present a long-term goal, but also represents an innovative and radical approach tothe promotion of an alternative framework. According to study II, politically adoptedroad safety goals, embodied in general and quantified time-bounded targets, are policystrategies that have evolved since the beginning of the 1970s in Sweden. Three adoptedroad safety targets were identified, and all were specific, measurable, time-bounded,and at least theoretically achievable. However, it seems that the targets adopted in1996 and 1998 were, compared with the general historical trend, more or lessunrealistic. According to study III, Vision Zero exhibits a fundamentally new approachto the allocation of responsibilities for the prevention of traffic injuries. Theresponsibility for road safety should be shared between road users and systemdesigners, according to the principle that the system designers should always haveultimate responsibility. Thus, Vision Zero as a public policy envisages a chain ofresponsibility that both begins and ends with the system designers. According to studyIII, this principle of responsibility has only been minimally implemented in formallegislation. Although the principle of responsibility has not been fully implemented,there is an on-going implementation process through which other less intrusive policyinstruments have been pursued.In study IV, it is shown that even though the speed camera system in Victoria,Australia and the Swedish system technically have the same aim – to reduce speeding –ideas on how that should be achieved differ substantially. The Swedish approach tosafety cameras appears to be based on the beliefs that road safety is an importantpriority for road users, and that one of the reasons why road users drive too fast is alack of information and social support. Accordingly, the underlying aim of theintervention is to support and create a new social norm among drivers, namely that it iseasier and better to follow the speed limits.Conclusion: Vision Zero is a politically adopted policy, which is founded in the clearethical stance that everyone has the right to use roads and streets without threats to lifeor health. The adoption of difficult or even unrealistic quantified targets may serve as amanagement tool, and inspire stakeholders to do more than they would otherwise havedone. Setting time-bounded quantified targets is, therefore, a policy action in itself,aimed at motivating different stakeholders. The underlying rationale is not directly toachieve the goals and the targets per se, but to increase public awareness of the roadsafety problem, and thereby impose pressure on stakeholders to strengthen their efforts.Although, according to Vision Zero, system designers have the ultimate responsibilityfor safety, this principle of responsibility has been only minimally implemented informal legislation.There are major differences between the ideas underlying the speed camera programsin Victoria, Australia and Sweden, and these ideas have an impact on the actual designof the different systems, and how they are intended to have road safety effects.
机译：据估计，在全球范围内，每年因道路交通事故而丧生的人数接近120万人，而受伤人数可能高达5,000万人。尽管道路交通伤害是一个非常复杂的领域，但是多年来，人们已经全面了解了道路安全问题的严重程度和重要的危险因素，以及有效的道路安全策略和措施的理论和实践经验。然而，对于不同时期政府试图解决这一重大公共卫生问题的方式，我们仍然缺乏系统的认识。目的：本论文的总体目标是增加对道路交通安全公共政策及其实施的认识。这是通过探索“零视觉”这一安全政策来实现的。该政策于1997年10月被瑞典议会通过。方法：论文包括四项研究，基于一项政策分析方法，其中研究I和II侧重于政策，研究III和IV侧重于政策执行。对于所有四个研究，都采用了个案研究方法，包括单个个案研究和多个个案研究。对于所有研究，都以政府机构提供的文件为主要信息来源，并对这些文件的内容进行了分析。对于研究I和IV，采用了一种政策理论方法来分析作为“零视力”公众基础的思想。政策和安全摄像头作为道路安全政策工具。对于研究II和III，采用了一种评估方法。研究结果：在研究I中，显示“零愿景”是一项在政治上广泛采用并受到广泛政治支持的道路安全公共政策。愿景零作为道路安全政策不仅提出了长期目标，而且代表了一种创新的，激进的方法来推广替代框架。根据研究报告II，从1970年代初开始，瑞典就制定了在总体上和量化的有时限的目标中体现的经政治采用的道路安全目标。确定了三个采用的道路安全目标，这些目标都是具体的，可测量的，有时间限制的，至少在理论上是可以实现的。但是，与总体历史趋势相比，1996年和1998年采用的目标似乎或多或少是不现实的。根据研究报告III，“零伤亡”愿景从根本上展示了预防交通伤害的责任分配新方法。根据系统设计者应始终负有最终责任的原则，应在道路使用者与系统设计者之间共同承担道路安全责任。因此，“零愿景”作为一项公共政策设想了一系列责任，责任始于系统设计者，始于系统设计者。根据研究报告III，这种责任原则仅在正式立法中得到了最低限度的实施。尽管责任原则尚未得到充分实施，但仍存在一个持续的实施过程，在此过程中，人们一直在追求其他较不具侵入性的政策工具。在研究IV中，即使维多利亚，澳大利亚和瑞典的测速摄像头系统，系统在技术上具有相同的目标-降低速度-关于如何实现这一目标的想法大不相同。瑞典的安全摄像头方法似乎基于这样的信念，即道路安全是道路使用者的重要优先事项，而道路使用者开车太快的原因之一是缺乏信息和社会支持。因此，干预的根本目的是支持并在驾驶员中间建立新的社会规范，即更容易且更好地遵守速度限制。结论：零愿景是一项政治上采用的政策，其建立在每个人都秉承道德的立场上有权使用道路和街道，而不会威胁到生命或健康。采用困难甚至不切实际的量化目标可以作为管理工具，并激励利益相关者做更多的事情。因此，设定有时限的量化目标本身就是一项政策行动，旨在激励不同的利益相关者。其基本原理并不是直接实现目标本身，而是提高公众对道路安全问题的认识，从而向利益相关者施加压力，要求他们加强努力。尽管根据《零距离愿景》，系统设计者对安全负有最终责任。责任原则仅在最低限度的非正式立法中得以实施。维多利亚，澳大利亚和瑞典的测速相机项目所基于的思想之间存在重大差异，这些思想对不同系统的实际设计及其意图有影响产生道路安全影响

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    Belin Matts-Åke;

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  • 年度 2012
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