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首页> 外文OA文献 >Decontamination protocols for watercraft and wildland firefighting equipment in preventing the spread of invasive quagga (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) and zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) mussels
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Decontamination protocols for watercraft and wildland firefighting equipment in preventing the spread of invasive quagga (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) and zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) mussels

机译：船舶和野外消防设备的防污协议，防止入侵的斑驴（Dreissena rostriformis bugensis）和斑马（Dreissena polymorpha）贻贝的传播

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摘要

Quagga and zebra mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis and Dreissena polymorpha) are two invasive species introduced via ballast water discharged by large oceanic cargo ships to the North American Great Lakes in the late 1980s. Once established, the mussels spread quickly. In January 2007, D. rostriformis bugensis was discovered in Lake Mead, NV-AZ, and in that same year, mussels were confirmed further south on the Colorado River in Lakes Mojave and Havasu. Dreissenids clog water intake pipes, water filtration systems, and electric generating plants. The mussels also ruin boat motors, damage recreational equipment, and once established in the reservoir, routine maintenance is necessary to avoid further damage. Prevention is the most cost effective and environmentally protective tool against the further spread of dreissenids. Preventive measures include decontaminating vessels and gear that could transport the mussels, thus restricting the transport and subsequent release of these potentially harmful species. Decontaminating methods examined in this dissertation include high pressure, hot-water sprays and chemical applications. The aim of this research is to evaluate three techniques for preventing the further spread of dreissenids: 1) high pressure water sprays to remove dreissenids from watercraft, 2) hot-water spray to kill D. polymorpha, and 3) use of quaternary ammonium compounds, QuatTM 128 and QuatTM 256 for decontaminating wildland firefighting equipment. Using 3000 psi of water to remove dreissenids from watercraft is accomplished at a faster rate when the vessel has been out of the water for at least one week in the summer and two weeks in the winter compared to being fresh out of the water (week 0). D. polymorpha were exposed to hot-water sprays at 20, 40, 50, 54, 60, 70, and 80°C for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 s. Sprays at 54°C for 10 s were shown to be 100% lethal. The effectiveness of QuatTM 128 and QuatTM 256 on killing adult dreissenids was examined over time at four concentrations: 0, 1%, 3%, and 5%. The results of the study show that all treatment groups of QuatTM 256 are 100% lethal to adult dreissenids within 36 h. Dreissenid veligers were also examined over time at different concentrations of QuatTM 128 and QuatTM 256: 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%; 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%, respectively, at different water temperatures: 2, 16, and 30°C, and at different ambient temperatures: 2, 15, 30, and 43°C. Given all the factors of chemical toxicity, water temperature, and ambient temperature, 40 min exposure time to 0.25% QuatTM 128 or 0.1% QuatTM 256 induced 100% mortality in dreissenid veligers. This project will provide baseline data that will be used to draft standard and effective decontamination protocols for watercraft and wildland firefighting equipment exposed to dreissenids throughout the country and in particular in the western U.S.
机译：Quagga和斑马贻贝（Dreissena rostriformis bugensis和Dreissena polymorpha）是两种入侵物种，它们是由大型海洋货船在1980年代后期通过压载水排放到北美五大湖的方式引入的。一旦成立，贻贝就会迅速传播。 2007年1月，在NV-AZ的米德湖发现了D. rostriformis bugensis，同年，在摩哈韦湖和哈瓦苏湖的科罗拉多河以南发现了贻贝。 Dreissenids堵塞了进水管，水过滤系统和发电厂。贻贝还会毁坏船用电动机，损坏娱乐设备，一旦在水库中建立贻贝，就必须进行例行维护，以免造成进一步破坏。预防是防止果蝇进一步传播的最具成本效益的环保手段。预防措施包括对可能运输贻贝的船只和渔具进行消毒，从而限制了这些潜在有害物种的运输和随后的释放。本文研究的去污方法包括高压，热水喷雾和化学应用。这项研究的目的是评估三种防止Dreissenids进一步扩散的技术：1）高压水喷雾从船只上除去Dresssenids，2）热水喷雾杀死D. polymorpha，以及3）使用季铵化合物，QuatTM 128和QuatTM 256用于净化野外消防设备。与在水里新鲜的时候相比，在夏天和冬天至少两周的时间里，当船只离开水面至少有一周的时间时，使用3000 psi的水去除船只中的藻类成分的速度更快。 ）。在20、40、50、54、60、70和80°C下，将多形衣藻暴露于热水喷雾中1、2、5、10、20、40、80和160 s。在54°C喷雾10 s表现出100％的致死性。随着时间的推移，以四种浓度（0％，1％，3％和5％）检查了QuatTM 128和QuatTM 256对杀死成年Dresssenids的有效性。研究结果表明QuatTM 256的所有治疗组在36 h内对成年的Dresssenids具有100％的致死性。在不同浓度的QuatTM 128和QuatTM 256：0.25％，0.5％和0.75％的情况下，随时间检查了Dreissenid veligers。在不同的水温：2、16和30°C以及不同的环境温度：2、15、30和43°C下分别为0.1％，0.25％和0.5％。考虑到化学毒性，水温和环境温度的所有因素，0.25％QuatTM 128或0.1％QuatTM 256暴露40分钟会导致Dreissenid veligers的死亡率为100％。该项目将提供基准数据，这些数据将用于为在全国（尤其是在美国西部）暴露于类脂蝇的船只和野外消防设备制定标准和有效的去污协议。

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    Watters Ashlie;

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  • 年度 2014
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