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Understanding Warming Effects on Vegetation Through Geothermal Hotspots: A Case Study of the Wairakei-Tauhara Geothermal Field, Taupo, New Zealand

机译：通过地热热点了解植被对变暖的影响 - 以新西兰陶波怀拉基 - 陶哈拉地热田为例

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摘要

Understanding and predicting warming effects on vegetation is a key challenge of the 21st century. To date, warming experiments have been limited to isolated laboratory studies, which have been criticised as too small-scale and overly simplistic because they were not conducted in a natural context. As such, understanding the future consequence of warming using a natural environment and across an effective timeframe has become a key goal of vegetation dynamic studies. Warming experiments in undisturbed settings are particularly important for understanding the complex responses of vegetation to warming within a multifunctional ecosystem. Furthermore, a natural setting approach can include other variables that will improve the current understanding of the effects of warming on vegetation.Through the course of this thesis, I developed a warming experiment to utilise natural thermal gradients in a geothermal ecosystem spanning a wide range of soil temperatures from 18 - 56 °C. First, I used historical aerial photographs from 1975 to 2016 to review the change in vegetation distribution around geothermal surface features, correlating the change with thermal infrared images captured in 2009 and 2014. This review revealed that as the geothermal features cool, vegetation growth and development is enhanced. Thus, examining the response of vegetation to changes in thermal gradients provided a means of simulating warming. Second, I used an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to capture thermal infrared and standard colour imagery to address the knowledge gap in remote sensing data. I demonstrated the use of a small, cost effective UAV and highlighted techniques in sampling, processing and analysing images captured by UAV. Third, after investigating the historical response of vegetation to geothermal features, I set up a field experiment to investigate vegetation regeneration and root biomass responses to the soil temperature gradients and other geothermally associated conditions (soil chemistry). I found that although other conditions did limit vegetation establishment and growth, the thermal gradient had the most dominant effect.Given the important role that vegetation plays in the ecosystem, it is vital to understand any unpredictable changes and then to apply appropriate actions within an appropriate timeframe. This thesis addresses a critical gap in experimental soil warming, making use of a geothermal system. Warming experiments within geothermal gradients demonstrate how small-scale experiments can be used to inform future vegetation responses to warming. Using the geothermal system as the natural setting for a warming experiment also provides the opportunity to replicate similar studies around the world to improve our understanding of local area vegetation dynamics.
机译：了解和预测变暖对植被的影响是21世纪的主要挑战。迄今为止，变暖实验仅限于孤立的实验室研究，因为它们不是在自然环境中进行的，因此被批评为规模太小，过于简单。因此，了解使用自然环境和在有效时间范围内变暖的未来后果已成为植被动态研究的主要目标。在不受干扰的环境中进行变暖实验对于了解多功能生态系统中植被对变暖的复杂反应尤为重要。此外，自然设置方法还可以包括其他变量，这些变量将改善当前对变暖对植被的影响的理解。通过本论文的过程，我开发了一个变暖实验，利用地热生态系统中的自然热梯度，涵盖了土壤温度为18-56°C。首先，我使用1975年至2016年的历史航拍照片回顾了地热表面特征周围的植被分布变化，并将其与2009年和2014年捕获的红外热图像相关联。该评价表明，随着地热特征变凉，植被的生长和发育被增强。因此，检查植被对热梯度变化的响应提供了模拟变暖的手段。其次，我使用了无人飞行器（UAV）来捕获红外热像和标准彩色图像，以解决遥感数据中的知识空白。我演示了一种小型，经济高效的无人机的使用，并重点介绍了在采样，处理和分析无人机所捕获图像时所采用的突出技术。第三，在调查了植被对地热特征的历史响应之后，我建立了一个野外实验，以研究植被再生和根生物量对土壤温度梯度和其他地热相关条件（土壤化学）的响应。我发现尽管其他条件确实限制了植被的建立和生长，但温度梯度的作用最为显着。鉴于植被在生态系统中所起的重要作用，了解任何不可预测的变化并在适当的范围内采取适当的行动至关重要大体时间。本论文利用地热系统解决了实验性土壤变暖的一个关键空白。地热梯度内的变暖实验证明了如何使用小规模实验来告知未来的植被对变暖的反应。将地热系统用作变暖实验的自然环境，也为复制世界各地的类似研究提供了机会，以增进我们对当地植被动态的了解。

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    Nishar Abdul;

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