The Cuban-American lobby successfully influenced Congress and various presidential administrations from the early 1980s until nearly the end of the century on U.S. foreign policy towards Cuba. Although two major events, the passage of the Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000, and the Elián González affair of the same year, dramatically reduced the power of this conservative ethnic interest group, its influence continued during the George W. Bush presidency. Despite the lobby’s active role, since 2008 the opposition of several political actors towards the sanctions regime, such as the agribusiness lobby, the administration of Barack Obama, and a significant number of Congressmen from both major parties, created an environment of major competition between two camps with distinct policy agendas. With the focus on the parallelism between the economic reforms on the island, and the changing American interest group politics, this paper seeks to study the determinants of the embargoes continuity in the 21st century, and the conditions that shape the new policy announced by the Obama administration in late 2014.
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机译：从1980年代初期到本世纪末，古巴裔美国人的游说团已成功地影响了国会和各总统府，这是美国对古巴外交政策的影响。尽管发生了两大事件，即2000年《贸易制裁改革和出口促进法》的通过以及同年的伊莲·冈萨雷斯（EliánGonzález）事件，大大削弱了这个保守的种族利益集团的力量，但在乔治·W·布什（George W. Bush）总统任期内，其影响力仍在继续。尽管游说团体发挥了积极作用，但自2008年以来，一些政治行为者对制裁制度的反对，例如农业综合企业游说，巴拉克·奥巴马政府以及来自两大党派的大量国会议员，都在两党之间形成了激烈竞争的环境。有不同政策议程的阵营。本文着眼于岛上经济改革与不断变化的美国利益集团政治之间的平行性，旨在研究21世纪禁运连续性的决定因素，以及塑造奥巴马宣布的新政策的条件2014年底的行政管理。
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