The Formation of the Medal System in Meiji Japan and Late Qing

机译：明治日本与晚清勋章制度的形成。

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The Japanese system of awarding medals for meritorious service originated in the Meiji Period. The Qing Dynasty also introduced a similar system at roughly the same time. The 'medals system' is a product of the eastward dissemination of western learning, which ultimately led to the breakup of native honor systems in East Asia. Among westerners especially, the awarding of medals had a positive function in modern history. The Japanese medal system grew out of the honors system. The medal system of the late Qing however was created in order to reward foreigners with a good record of service to the Qing. This system consisted of eleven ranks of five grades. Later on this system was also applied to the Chinese themselves, thus becoming similar with the medal systems of other countries.

机译：日本的有功勋章授予制度始于明治时代。清朝大约在同一时间也引入了类似的制度。 “奖章制度”是西方学习向东方传播的产物，最终导致了东亚本土荣誉制度的瓦解。特别是在西方人中，授予奖牌在现代历史上具有积极作用。日本奖牌制度是从荣誉制度中发展出来的。然而，创建了清末奖章制度，是为了奖励外国人为清朝服务的良好记录。该系统由五个等级的十一个等级组成。后来，这一制度也被应用到中国人身上，从而与其他国家的奖牌制度相似。

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王君強;
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The Formation of the Medal System in Meiji Japan and Late Qing

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