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首页> 外文会议>14th international conference amp; exhibition on liquefied natural gas (LNG 14) >ADVANTAGE GREENFIELDS: AN EVOLVING COMPETITION WITH BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENTS
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ADVANTAGE GREENFIELDS: AN EVOLVING COMPETITION WITH BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENTS

机译：优势绿色领域：竞争激烈的布朗开发

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Commercial terms and pricing of LNG in the market place are undergoing significant shifts from the “traditional” Japanese price formula contracts to more competitive and flexible forms of contracts. Driving these shifts are a number of factors which include the globalization of LNG trade, the entrant of new players into the LNG business—both customers as well as suppliers, and the growth of LNG trade.rnThis paper explores some of these underlying drivers for the changes and examines how a new “greenfield” project can compete with an established “brownfield” expansion project. What advantages and burdens does each type of LNG development project carry? How have advancements in processing technology and equipment design enhanced the competitiveness of greenfield projects? How would legacy contracts limit the flexibilities a brownfield operator would offer? rnAs both new suppliers and new customers enter the LNG business, fundamental shifts are taking place in the structure of the industry. Existing LNG customers that provided support for the foundation of the LNG business by signing rigid, long term, premium contracts in exchange for security and stability of supply are now witnessing newer customers capture flexible supply at declining prices as supply competition increases.rn In this period of restructuring between customers and suppliers, new market entrants can potentially be in advantaged positions. With typically larger scale, new technology - and in several cases without legacy contract positions to protect or broad project portfolios to manage - aggressive pricing mechanisms and new supplier diversity are tools that can be brought to bear by greenfield projects and new market entrants. rnThe countervailing forces include the opportunity of many existing suppliers to add highly competitive incremental capacity through brownfield expansions, making such suppliers more competitive even if some of their existing contracts might erode. However, the fact that existing suppliers frequently are also joint venturers in new projects, their influences tend to limit the truly independent behavior of the new projects. rnThe recent contracts awarded by CNOOC in China seem to signal that a new benchmark is set. If and how fast would the existing contracts erode would be the next question. In addition, is this a stable equilibrium or just a hiatus in the competitive battle?
机译：市场上LNG的商业条款和价格正经历着从“传统”日本价格公式合同向更具竞争性和灵活性的合同形式的重大转变。推动这些转变的因素有很多，其中包括液化天然气贸易的全球化，新的参与者进入液化天然气业务（包括客户和供应商）以及液化天然气贸易的增长。更改并检查新的“绿地”项目如何与已建立的“棕地”扩展项目竞争。每种液化天然气开发项目都有哪些优势和负担？加工技术和设备设计的进步如何增强了新建项目的竞争力？遗留合同将如何限制棕地运营商提供的灵活性？随着新的供应商和新的客户都进入液化天然气业务，行业结构正在发生根本性的变化。现有的LNG客户通过签订刚性，长期，优质的合同以换取LNG业务基础，以换取供应的安全性和稳定性，现在正见证着新的客户随着供应竞争的加剧以较低的价格获得灵活的供应。在客户和供应商之间进行重组的过程中，新进入市场的企业可能处于有利地位。由于通常具有更大的规模，新技术，并且在某些情况下没有传统合同要保护的项目或要管理的项目组合广泛，激进的定价机制和新的供应商多元化是新建项目和新进入市场的人可以使用的工具。 rn反补贴力量包括许多现有供应商通过棕地扩建增加极具竞争力的增量产能的机会，即使这些供应商的某些现有合同可能受到侵蚀，也使它们更具竞争力。但是，由于现有供应商经常也是新项目中的合资企业，因此，他们的影响倾向于限制新项目的真正独立行为。 rn中海油最近在中国签订的合同似乎预示着一个新的基准已经设定。下一个问题是现有合同是否会侵蚀以及侵蚀速度有多快。此外，这是稳定的平衡还是竞争中的中断？

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