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NASA s Space Launch Initiative Targets Toxic Propellants

机译：NASA的太空发射计划以有毒推进剂为目标

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When manned and unmanned space flight first began, the clear and over riding design consideration was performance. Consequently, propellant combinations of all kinds were considered, tested, and, when they lifted the payload a kilometer higher, or an extra kilogram to the same altitude, they became part of our operational inventory. Cost was not considered. And with virtually all of the early work being performed by the military, safety was hardly a consideration. After all, fighting wars has always been dangerous.rnThose days are past now. With space flight, and the products of space flight, a regular part of our lives today, safety and cost are being re-examined. NASA s focus turns naturally to its Shuttle Space Transportation System. Designed, built, and flown for the first time in the 1970s, this system remains today America s workhorse for manned space flight. Without its tremendous lift capability and mission flexibility, the International Space Station would not exist. And the Hubble telescope would be a monument to shortsighted management, rather than the clear penetrating eye on the stars it is today.rnBut the Shuttle system fully represents the design philosophy of its period: it is too costly to operate, and not safe enough for regular long term access to space. And one of the key reasons is the utilization of toxic propellants. This paper will present an overview of the utilization of toxic propellants on the current Shuttle system.rnNASA has launched the Space Launch Initiative to address the cost and safety short comings of the current Shuttle Space Transportation System. Marshall Space Flight Center s 2nd Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) office has been given the lead in this initiative and is coordinating an agency wide attack on the Shuttle safety and cost issues. 2nd Generation RLV options include both the evolution of the current shuttle design, and new clean sheet designs. With a five year budget of more than $5 billion, and a mandate to attack safety first, the toxic propellants of the current Shuttle systemrnare receiving intense scrutiny. Plans are being formulated and executed to make toxic propellants a dim memory.rnThis paper will present an overview of how lox/ethanol and peroxide/RP propellants may be used in new design or evolved 2nd Generation RLVs and NASA s plan to mature these technologies for industry s inclusion in their final commercial RLV designs.
机译：当载人和无人太空飞行首次开始时，清晰和过度乘坐的设计考虑是性能。因此，考虑了各种推进剂组合，并进行了测试，当它们将有效载荷提升一公里或再向同一高度再举一公斤时，它们便成为我们运营清单的一部分。没有考虑成本。由于几乎所有的早期工作都是由军队执行的，因此安全性几乎不是要考虑的问题。毕竟，战争一直是危险的。如今已经过去了。随着太空飞行以及太空产品的飞行，今天我们生活中的固定部分，安全性和成本正在重新审视。 NASA的重点自然转向其航天飞机运输系统。该系统在1970年代首次设计，建造和飞行，至今仍是美国进行载人航天的主要力量。没有其强大的升降能力和任务灵活性，国际空间站将不复存在。哈勃望远镜将成为近视管理的丰碑，而不是今天的恒星清晰透彻的目光。但是，航天飞机系统完全代表了当时的设计理念：操作成本太高，并且不够安全定期长期进入太空。主要原因之一是有毒推进剂的利用。本文将概述当前航天飞机系统中有毒推进剂的利用情况。rnNASA发起了“航天发射计划”，以解决当前航天飞机航天运输系统在成本和安全方面的不足。马歇尔太空飞行中心的第二代可重复使用运载火箭（RLV）办公室已率先开展此项工作，并正在协调机构对航天飞机安全和成本问题的全面攻击。第二代RLV选件既包括当前航天飞机设计的演变，也包括新的无尘纸设计。拥有超过50亿美元的五年预算，并要求首先攻击安全，当前航天飞机系统中的有毒推进剂受到了严格的审查。正在制定计划并执行计划，以使有毒推进剂成为昏暗的记忆。本文将概述如何使用lox /乙醇和过氧化物/ RP推进剂，并将其用于新设计或第二代RLV，NASA计划将这些技术用于业界将其纳入最终的商用RLV设计中。

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