Efficient experimental analysis of internal temperatures in VCSELs

机译：VCSEL内部温度的高效实验分析

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Summary form only given. Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are widely used in short-range optical data transmission and optical sensing. Tailored heating and infrared illumination with large two-dimensional parallel-driven VCSEL arrays are gaining more and more attention. In the latter fields as well as in high-speed datacom the laser performance is limited by internal heating at high operating currents or elevated ambient temperatures, resulting in a saturation of the achievable output power and a reduction of the device lifetime. The average internal temperature Ti in the laser cavity is a key parameter to assess new VCSEL designs for applications involving high thermal stress. A versatile experimental method to determine T_i should be easy to employ in standard test environments. The increase of the internal temperature above the ambient level Ta is commonly quantified by the thermal resistance R_Th = ΔT_i / ΔP_diss, which relates the temperature change ΔT_i to a change of dissipated power ΔP_diss. It is well known that the emission wavelength λ can be used as an indicator for Ti, because the optical cavity length depends on Ti and directly affects λ. In the conventional experimental approach, the coefficient C = dλ/dT_i is either assumed to be constant [1], which introduces an error due to its material composition dependence, or C is (correctly) determined from <; 100 ns range pulsed operation of the laser [2], which, however, requires high-frequency equipment and must be done with much care. We have devised a new method to evaluate R_Th based on easily measurable light-current-voltage (LIV) curves for different Ta and associated optical spectra at a reduced number of operation points [3]. No empirical parameter is needed and nonlinearities due to temperature-dependent thermal conductivities are automatically included. Both single-mode and multi-mode devices can be analyzed by monitoring the wavelength shifts of fixed transverse modes. Here we apply this method to determine the maximum lasing temperature of various VCSELs and show that it is a figure of merit for temperature stability.

机译：仅提供摘要表格。垂直腔面发射激光器（VCSEL）广泛用于短距离光学数据传输和光学传感。具有大型二维并行驱动VCSEL阵列的量身定制的加热和红外照明越来越受到关注。在后面的领域以及在高速数据通信中，激光器的性能受到高工作电流或升高的环境温度下内部加热的限制，从而导致可达到的输出功率饱和并缩短了设备寿命。激光腔中的平均内部温度Ti是评估新VCSEL设计用于涉及高热应力的应用的关键参数。确定T _{i 的通用实验方法应易于在标准测试环境中采用。内部温度高于环境温度Ta的升高通常由热阻R _{Th =ΔT_{i /ΔP_{diss 来量化，这与温度变化ΔT_{i 到耗散功率ΔP_{diss 的变化。众所周知，发射波长λ可以用作Ti的指标，因为光腔长度取决于Ti并且直接影响λ。在传统的实验方法中，系数C =dλ/ dT _{i 被假定为常数[1]，由于其材料成分依赖性而引入了误差，或者（正确）确定了C <;激光器[2]的脉冲范围为100 ns，但是这需要高频设备，并且必须非常小心。我们设计了一种新的方法来评估R Th ，该方法基于易于测量的不同Ta的光电流-电压（LIV）曲线以及在减少的工作点处的相关光谱[3]。不需要经验参数，并且自动包括由于温度相关的热导率引起的非线性。可以通过监视固定横向模式的波长偏移来分析单模式和多模式设备。在这里，我们采用这种方法来确定各种VCSEL的最高激光发射温度，并表明这是温度稳定性的一个指标。}}}}}}}

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来源
《2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe amp; European Quantum Electronics Conference》|2017年|1-1|共1页
会议地点 Munich(DE)
作者
Markus Daubenschüz; Rainer Michalzik;
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作者单位

Ulm University, Institute of Optoelectronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 45, D-89081 Ulm, Germany;

Ulm University, Institute of Optoelectronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 45, D-89081 Ulm, Germany;

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正文语种 eng
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关键词
Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers; Temperature; Optical sensors; Temperature sensors; Adaptive optics; High-speed optical techniques;

机译：垂直腔表面发射激光器;温度;光学传感器;温度传感器;自适应光学;高速光学技术;;

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1. Relative intensity noise of temperature-stable, energy-efficient 980 nm VCSELs [J] . Hui Li, Philip Wolf, James A. Lott, AIP Advances . 2017,第2期

机译：温度稳定，节能的980 nm VCSEL的相对强度噪声
2. Relative intensity noise of temperature-stable, energy-efficient 980 nm VCSELs [J] . Hui Li, Philip Wolf, James A. Lott, AIP Advances . 2017,第2期

机译：温度稳定，节能的980 nm VCSEL的相对强度噪声
3. Energy-efficient and temperature-stable oxide-confined 980 nm VCSELs operating error-free at 38 Gbit/s at 85 0;C [J] . Electronics Letters . 2014,第2期

机译：能源效率和温度稳定的氧化物限制的980 nm VCSEL在85 0; C下以38 Gbit / s的速度无错误运行
4. Efficient experimental analysis of internal temperatures in VCSELs [C] . Markus Daubenschüz, Rainer Michalzik Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe . 2017

机译：高效vcsels内部温度的高效实验分析
5. Temperature-Stable, Energy-Efficient, and High Bit-Rate 980 nm VCSELs =Temperaturstabile und energieeffiziente 980 nm VCSELs für h?chste Bitraten [D] . Li, Hui. 2015

机译：温度稳定，节能，高比特率980nm vcsels =温度稳定且节能为洪水比特率的980nm vcsels
6. Highly efficient eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 5 M HCl at elevated temperatures: experimental molecular dynamics study [O] . Muhsen A. M. El-Haddad, A. Bahgat Radwan, Mostafa H. Sliem, -1

机译：用于高温下5 M HCl中的低碳钢的高效环保腐蚀抑制剂：实验和分子动力学研究
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。

Efficient experimental analysis of internal temperatures in VCSELs

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