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首页> 外文会议>56th International Astronautical Congress 2005 vol.7 >RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER SYSTEMS AND NUCLEAR THERMAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS OF THE FIRST GENERATION AS THE BASIS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED POWER AND PROPULSION COMPLEXES FOR PEACEFUL EXPLORATION OF NEAR AND DEEP SPACE
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RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER SYSTEMS AND NUCLEAR THERMAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS OF THE FIRST GENERATION AS THE BASIS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED POWER AND PROPULSION COMPLEXES FOR PEACEFUL EXPLORATION OF NEAR AND DEEP SPACE

机译：俄罗斯开发第一代核动力系统和核热推进系统的经验，是发展近邻和深空的先进动力和推进复合体的基础

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Reactor-based nuclear power systems found a certain niche in space programs in the 20* century. Russian BUK space thermoelectric systems successfully operated in Cosmos series spacecraft. Two Russian TOPAZ space thermionic systems were in 1987 successfully tested during 0.5 year and 1 year in combination with electric thrusters in Cosmos-1818 and Cosmos-1876 spacecraft. The Russian ENISEY space nuclear power system (SNPS) underwent a complete cycle of ground testing, including 6 nuclear power tests for a 1.5-year life. Extensive R&D efforts were undertaken in Russia to build nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) systems. The work on SNPS and NTP performed in Russia provides a basis for further activities on utilization of nuclear power in space, such as building communication and surveillance systems, Lunar base and Mars missions, exploration of Jupiter Moons. These activities rely on establishment of a technology base in the 21st century and building powerful power and propulsion complexes capable of delivering 2 to 3 times heavier payloads from radiation-safe near-earth orbits to high-power orbits and providing spacecraft equipment with electric power at 50 to 100 and more kW during a long term (up to 10 years). The basic requirement of these activities is to ensure nuclear and radiation safety of space nuclear power and propulsion systems (SNPPS) for the Earth population. The paper summarizes Russian experience in development of the first generation of nuclear power systems with direct (thermoelectric and thermionic) energy conversion. Based on the accumulated experience, research activities are being pursued in Russia to develop components of higher power (50-400 kWe) and longer life (up to 5-7 years aγd more) power and propulsion complexes capable of providing thrust for spacecraft transfer from a radiation-safe near-earth orbit to a geostationary orbit and into deep space, and generating power for long-term supply of spacecraft systems. The paper presents main parameters of the ROMASHKA reactor-converter, BUK, TOPAZ and ENISEY SNPS developed in Russia at the first stage of activities, compares NTP parameters achieved in the USSR and in the US. Based on the performed R&D and accumulated experience, the paper presents design parameters of advanced 50 to 400 kWe power and propulsion systems with electric thrusters and thermionic conversion, and of those using NTP for thrust generation and closed gas turbine system for electricity generation for spacecraft power supply. The paper expresses an opinion that international cooperation is required to develop advanced SNPS for peaceful uses in near and deep space.
机译：20世纪，基于反应堆的核动力系统在太空计划中占据了一定的位置。俄罗斯BUK太空热电系统在Cosmos系列航天器中成功运行。 1987年，两个俄罗斯TOPAZ太空热电子系统在Cosmos-1818和Cosmos-1876航天器中结合电推进器成功进行了0.5年和1年的测试。俄罗斯ENISEY太空核电系统（SNPS）经历了完整的地面测试周期，包括6次核电测试，寿命为1.5年。俄罗斯为建立核热推进（NTP）系统进行了广泛的研发工作。在俄罗斯进行的SNPS和NTP工作为进一步利用空间利用核能开展活动奠定了基础，例如建立通信和监视系统，登月基地和火星飞行任务，探索木星卫星。这些活动依赖于在21世纪建立技术基地并建造强大的动力和推进系统，能够将2到3倍的有效载荷从辐射安全的近地轨道传递到大功率轨道，并为航天器设备提供长期（长达10年）可达到50至100 kW甚至更高。这些活动的基本要求是确保地球人口的空间核动力和推进系统（SNPPS）的核安全和辐射安全。本文总结了俄罗斯在开发具有直接（热电和热电子）能量转换的第一代核电系统方面的经验。根据积累的经验，俄罗斯正在开展研究活动，以开发更高功率（50-400 kWe），寿命更长（可达5-7年aγdd）的动力和推进系统，这些系统能够为航天器从辐射安全的近地轨道到对地静止轨道并进入深空，并为航天器系统的长期供电提供动力。本文介绍了在活动的第一阶段在俄罗斯开发的ROMASHKA反应堆转换器，BUK，TOPAZ和ENISEY SNPS的主要参数，并比较了在苏联和美国获得的NTP参数。基于已进行的研发和积累的经验，本文介绍了先进的50至400 kWe电力和推进系统的设计参数，这些系统具有电动推进器和热电子转换功能，以及使用NTP进行推力产生的系统和封闭式燃气轮机系统进行航天器发电的设计参数供应。该文件表达了一种观点，即需要为发展近距离深空和平利用先进的SNPS需要进行国际合作。

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