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首页> 外文会议>CO2 summit II: Technology and opportunity 2016 >TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF RETROFITTING CCS IN AN INTEGRATED PULP AND BOARD MILL-CASE STUDIES
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TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF RETROFITTING CCS IN AN INTEGRATED PULP AND BOARD MILL-CASE STUDIES

机译：纸浆和纸板厂综合改造中CCS的技术经济评价-案例研究

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摘要

Urgently reducing global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) could be achieved by carbon sinks or negative emissions, i.e. removing CO_2 from the atmosphere and offsetting historical CO_2 emissions. Negative emissions can be achieved when CO_2 is captured from processes based on biomass feedstock (bio-CCS). Biomass withdraws atmospheric CO_2 through natural processes such as the photosynthesis. Capturing and permanently storing this CO_2 away from the natural carbon cycle enables a withdrawal of CO_2 from the atmosphere. Sustainable growth and harvest of biomass resources is critical to achieve carbon negativity and to allow for sound biomass regrowth. As a result, bio-CCS provides a potential mitigation tool to reduce the CO_2 concentration in the atmosphere. The pulp and paper industry is one of the potential candidates for large scale demonstration of bio-CCS and industrial CCS application. In Europe, the pulp and paper industry is the largest user and producer of biomass energy, contributing to around 60% of the biomass based electricity and heat production. There are three main sources of CO_2 emissions in the pulp and paper production (via Kraft pulping process): (1.) the Kraft recovery boiler, (2.) the lime kiln and (3.) the multi-fuel boiler (bark boiler). Typically, over 90% of CO_2 emissions from a pulp mill are of biogenic origin as fossil fuel is used only for firing the lime kiln. The main function of the recovery boiler is to recover the spent cooking chemicals from the black liquor for reuse in wood chips cooking and the combustion of the organic matter in the black liquor to produce heat for steam and electricity generation. The lime kiln is part of the chemical recycle loop and this includes the calcination of the lime mud (mainly calcium carbonate) to produce CaO that is used in the recovery of the cooking chemicals (i.e. processing of the green liquor). As a result, the lime kiln produces a flue gas with high concentration of CO_2. The multi-fuel boiler is typically used to burn any wood waste and residue biomass (i.e. bark and bio-sludge) from the pulp production to produce steam used in the process and for power production. This study addresses the operational costs, capital investment costs and technical aspects of retrofitting a modern Kraft market pulp mill with a split flow post-combustion CO_2 capture based on amine absorption. The pulp production units and the CO_2 capture units are presented with detailed mass and energy balances. Two types of mills were evaluated; i) Stand-alone pulp mill producing 800 000 adt of softwood pulp annually and ii) Integrated pulp and board mill producing 740 000 adt of softwood pulp and 400 000 3-ply folding boxboard annually. Annual CO_2 emissions are 2.1 Mt CO_2/a. Six different cases were studied for each mill type; CO_2 capture from the three individual point sources and three combinations of these. The implementation of a post-combustion CO_2 capture process requires additional steam for the amine reboiler and additional power input for pumps and compressors. In some cases the excess power production at the pulp mill may be sufficient to support the integration of a CO_2 capture plant. In other cases an additional auxiliary boiler is required. The split flow MEA-based capture process enables a reduction in the heat duty for the CO_2 stripper reboiler. The average reboiler duty was calculated to around 2.7 - 2.8 MJ/kg captured CO_2. Steam is provided from the steam turbine island. A major focal point of the study was to investigate the optimal extraction of steam and condensate return. Most pulp and paper mills are self-sufficient with electricity and produce excess electricity that is exported to the localational grid. 90% CO_2 capture was assumed for all cases, but in future evaluations partial CO_2 capture might prove more viable, depending on the amount of excess steam or electricity available at the mill. This is also affected by the price of electricity, price of emission allowances and any renewable energy subsidies/incentives. Capturing biogenic CO_2 could potentially create additional revenues for the mill operator, depending on whether the emission of biogenic CO_2 would be accounted for as negative CO_2 emissions in emission allowance trading schemes. As a result, accounting for negative CO_2 emissions could potentially be a low-hanging fruit and lead to demonstration or large scale industrial business cases for the implementation of CCS in the near future.
机译：紧急减少全球温室气体排放量可通过碳汇或负排放来实现，即从大气中清除CO_2并抵消历史CO_2排放量。当从基于生物质原料（bio-CCS）的过程中捕获CO_2时，可以实现负排放。生物质通过自然过程（例如光合作用）吸收大气中的CO_2。从自然碳循环中捕获并永久存储此CO_2可使CO_2从大气中抽出。生物质资源的可持续增长和收获对于实现碳负离子化和实现合理的生物质再生至关重要。结果，bio-CCS提供了一种潜在的缓解工具，可减少大气中的CO_2浓度。纸浆和造纸行业是生物CCS大规模示范和工业CCS应用的潜在候选者之一。在欧洲，纸浆和造纸行业是生物质能的最大用户和生产者，约占生物质发电和供热的60％。制浆和造纸过程中（通过牛皮纸制浆工艺）CO_2排放的三个主要来源：（1。）牛皮纸回收锅炉，（2。）石灰窑和（3.）多燃料锅炉（树皮锅炉） ）。通常，制浆厂排放的90％以上的CO_2是生物来源的，因为化石燃料仅用于烧制石灰窑。回收锅炉的主要功能是从黑液中回收用过的烹饪化学品，以重新用于木片烹饪以及黑液中有机物质的燃烧，从而产生热量以产生蒸汽和发电。石灰窑是化学循环回路的一部分，这包括煅烧石灰泥（主要是碳酸钙）以生产CaO，该CaO用于回收烹饪化学品（即，绿液的处理）。结果，石灰窑产生具有高浓度CO 2的烟道气。多燃料锅炉通常用于燃烧纸浆生产中的任何木材废料和残余生物质（即树皮和生物污泥），以生产过程中和发电中使用的蒸汽。这项研究解决了运营成本，资本投资成本和技术改造问题，该技术是对现代卡夫市场制浆厂进行改造，使其具有基于胺吸收的分流燃烧后CO_2捕集功能。介绍了纸浆生产单元和CO_2捕集单元的详细质量和能量平衡。评估了两种类型的工厂； i）独立的纸浆厂，每年生产80万adt的软木纸浆； ii）综合的纸浆和纸板厂，每年生产740 000 adt的软木纸浆和400000 3层折叠纸板。每年的CO_2排放量为2.1吨CO_2 / a。对于每种磨机类型，研究了六种不同的情况。从三个单独的点源及其三个组合捕获CO_2。燃烧后CO_2捕集过程的实施需要为胺再沸器提供额外的蒸汽，并为泵和压缩机提供额外的功率输入。在某些情况下，纸浆厂的多余电力生产可能足以支持整合CO_2捕集工厂。在其他情况下，需要额外的辅助锅炉。基于分流MEA的捕集过程可降低CO_2汽提塔再沸器的热负荷。计算得出的平均再沸器负荷为捕获的CO_2约2.7-2.8 MJ / kg。蒸汽从汽轮机岛提供。该研究的主要重点是研究蒸汽和冷凝水回流的最佳提取方法。大多数纸浆和造纸厂都可以自给自足，并产生多余的电力，这些电力输出到本地/国家电网。假定所有情况下都可以捕获90％的CO_2，但是在将来的评估中，部分CO_2的捕获可能更可行，这取决于工厂中可用的过量蒸汽或电力量。这也受到电价，排放配额价格和任何可再生能源补贴/激励措施的影响。捕获生物CO_2可能会为工厂经营者创造额外的收入，具体取决于在排放配额交易方案中是否将生物CO_2的排放量计为负CO_2排放量。结果，对负CO_2排放的解释可能是一个低落的果实，并可能导致在不久的将来实施CCS的示范或大规模工业商业案例。

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