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OVER-WATER GEOPHYSICAL METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZING RESERVOIR BOTTOM SEDIMENTS FOR DAM PROJECTS

机译：大坝工程储层底部沉积物表征的总体地球物理方法

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The evaluation of reservoir bottom sediments and substrates in upstream and downstream channel reaches, for fisheries studies, FERC relicensing, and potential decommissioning of dams, is often done with limited data. Sediment characteristics (grain size, vertical and lateral extent and presence of contaminants, etc.) are primarily acquired using traditional methods, such underwater grab samples, cores or boreholes. These methods are relatively expensive and the sediment information needs to be broadly extrapolated because of the limited volume of material that is obtained. A number of geophysical methods, including precision bathymetry, sidescan sonar, subbottom profiling and seismic reflection profiling are shown to be cost-effective methods for rapidly acquiring data for sediment characterization. The data, acquired and viewed in real time, provide continuous profiles and plan view images of reservoir and river bottom sediments and substrates that can be used to characterize the sediment (silt, sand, gravel etc.), map the areal and vertical extent of sediment type, determine sediment volumes, and map habitat. Furthermore, while onsite the data can be interpreted and used to identify and select the best locations for obtaining sediment samples and cores for grain size and chemical analysis. Analysis of the sediment samples can then be used to further refine the interpreted geophysical data which are used to produce detailed maps of bottom sediment and substrate. Over-water geophysical investigations were conducted to map depth to bedrock and determine sediment type and thickness for FERC relicensing of three dams on the upper Snake River, and for FERC approval for removing a dam on the White Salmon River in southern Washington. These two case studies illustrate the cost-effectiveness of over-water geophysical methods for low-cost sediment and substrate characterization and for understanding site conditions for fisheries habitat delineation, dam construction and potential dam decommissioning projects.
机译：对于渔业研究，FERC许可以及大坝可能退役的评估，上游和下游河道的水库底部沉积物和底物通常只能用有限的数据来完成。沉积物特征（粒度，垂直和横向范围以及污染物的存在等）主要使用传统方法获得，例如水下抓斗样本，岩心或钻孔。这些方法相对昂贵，并且由于所获得的材料量有限，因此需要广泛推算沉积物信息。多种地球物理方法，包括精密测深法，侧扫声纳法，下层剖面图和地震反射剖面图，被证明是快速获取沉积物表征数据的经济有效方法。实时获取和查看的数据可提供水库和河底沉积物及底物的连续剖面图和平面图图像，可用于表征沉积物（淤泥，沙子，砾石等），绘制海底沉积物的面积和垂直范围沉积物类型，确定沉积物量，并绘制栖息地图。此外，在现场时，可以对数据进行解释并用于识别和选择最佳位置，以获得沉积物样本和岩心以进行粒度和化学分析。然后可以使用沉积物样品的分析来进一步完善解释的地球物理数据，这些数据将用于生成底部沉积物和底物的详细地图。进行了水上地球物理调查，以绘制基岩的深度并确定沉积物类型和厚度，以供FERC重新授权上斯纳克河上的三个大坝，以及获得FERC批准清除华盛顿南部白鲑鱼河上的大坝。这两个案例研究说明了采用水上地球物理方法进行低成本沉积物和基质表征以及了解渔业栖息地定界，水坝建设和可能的水坝退役项目的现场条件的成本效益。

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