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High-contrast x-ray microtomography in dental research

机译：牙科研究中的高对比度X射线断层扫描

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X-ray microtomography (XMT) is a well-established technique in dental research. The technique has been used extensively to explore the complex morphology of the root canal system, and to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate root canal instrumentation and filling efficacy in extracted teeth; enabling different techniques to be compared. Densitometric information can be used to identify and map demineralized tissue resulting from tooth decay (caries) and, in extracted teeth, the method can be used to evaluate different methods of excavation. More recently, high contrast XMT is being used to investigate the relationship between external insults to teeth and the pulpal reaction. When such insults occur, fluid may flow through dentinal tubules as a result of cracking or porosity in enamel. Over time, there is an increase in mineralization along the paths of the tubules from the pulp to the damaged region in enamel and this can be visualized using high contrast XMT. The scanner used for this employs time-delay integration to minimize the effects of detector inhomogeneity in order to greatly increase the upper limit on signal-to-noise ratio that can be achieved with long exposure times. When enamel cracks are present in extracted teeth, the presence of these pathways indicates that the cracking occurred prior to extraction. At high contrast, growth lines are occasionally seen in deciduous teeth which may have resulted from periods of maternal illness. Various other anomalies in mineralization resulting from trauma or genetic abnormalities can also be investigated using this technique.
机译：X射线显微断层照相术（XMT）是牙科研究中公认的技术。该技术已广泛用于探索根管系统的复杂形态，并定性和定量评估拔出牙齿中的根管器械和充盈效果；可以比较不同的技术。密度测量信息可用于识别和绘制由蛀牙（龋齿）导致的脱矿质组织，并且在拔出的牙齿中，该方法可用于评估不同的开挖方法。最近，高对比度XMT被用于研究牙齿外部损伤与牙髓反应之间的关系。当发生这种侮辱时，由于牙釉质破裂或孔隙，流体可能流过牙本质小管。随着时间的流逝，沿牙髓小管从牙髓到牙釉质中受损区域的路径上的矿化增加，可以使用高对比度XMT将其可视化。为此使用的扫描仪采用时延积分，以最大程度地减少检测器不均匀性的影响，从而大大提高长时间曝光所能达到的信噪比上限。当拔牙中存在釉质裂纹时，这些途径的存在表明裂纹发生在拔牙之前。在高对比度下，偶尔可能在产妇患病的乳牙中看到生长线。还可以使用此技术调查因创伤或遗传异常而导致的其他各种矿化异常。

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