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More room for water

机译:有更多的水空间

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摘要

Watercourses are among the basic natural phenomena that characterize the environment. On the one hand, the water regime limits the anthropogenic use of space; on the other hand, it enriches landscape. The problem of allowing the space that 'belongs' to water to be used for intensive anthropogenic uses has been dealt with by the oldest known civilizations. With the growing population, industrialization and urbanization, the inundated areas and wetlands have been consumed and, through river engineering, watercourses have been regulated such that the space belonging to water has been reduced. Since ancient times, and more intensively from the mid-19th century, riverbeds have been shortened and narrowed, and levees have been built for flood protection; this resulted in the serious reduction of flood plains and wetlands. The surfaces 'taken' from rivers were intended primarily for agriculture and urban development. The middle of 19th century saw the emergence of such regulation works on the Rhine River, and in the first half of the 20th century, in the United States (de Bruin 2005 and Cassidy 1962). Similar developments occurred worldwide. After World War II, the Netherlands greatly increased its arable land by polder development, land that has been taken from the lakes and rivers (Tol and Langen 2000). A similar situation occurred in Denmark, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany and France, where such works were developed from the late 19th century. At the end of the 20th century, many rivers in Europe were in highly confined channels.
机译:河道是表征环境的基本自然现象之一。一方面,水的状况限制了人类对空间的利用。另一方面,它丰富了景观。最古老的已知文明已经解决了将“属于”水的空间用于人为密集用途的问题。随着人口的增长,工业化和城市化,淹没的地区和湿地被消耗了,通过河道工程,水道得到了调节,从而减少了属于水的空间。从远古时代开始,到19世纪中叶以来,集约化程度越来越高,河床被缩短和收窄,并修建了防洪堤。这导致洪泛平原和湿地的严重减少。从河流“获取”的表面主要用于农业和城市发展。 19世纪中叶,莱茵河上出现了这种调节工作,而在20世纪上半叶,美国出现了这种调节工作(de Bruin 2005和Cassidy 1962)。全球范围内也发生了类似的事态发展。第二次世界大战后,荷兰通过田的开发大大增加了耕地面积,der田是从湖泊和河流中获取的(Tol and Langen 2000)。类似的情况发生在丹麦,英国,比利时,德国和法国,这些作品是从19世纪后期开始开发的。在20世纪末,欧洲许多河流都处于高度封闭的河道中。

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