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Temperature dependence of ultrasonic backscattered energy in images compensated for tissue motion

机译：补偿组织运动的图像中超声反向散射能量的温度依赖性

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Noninvasive temperature imaging would enhance the ability to uniformly heat tumors at therapeutic levels. Ultrasound is an attractive modality for this purpose. Previously, we predicted monotonic changes in ultrasonic backscattered energy (CBE) for certain sub wavelength scatterers. We measured CBE values similar to our predictions in bovine liver, turkey breast, and pork rib in 1D. Those measurements were corrected manually for changes in the axial position of scatterers with temperature. To investigate the effect of temperature on CBE in 2D, we imaged 1-cm thick samples of bovine liver during heating in a water bath from 37 to 50/spl deg/C. Images were formed by a Terason 2000 imager with a 7 MHz linear probe. Employing RF signals from the Terason 2000 (courtesy Teratech Corp.) permitted the use of cross-correlation as a similarity measure for automatic tracking of feature displacement as a function of temperature. Tissue motion across the specimen was non-uniform with typical total displacements of 0.5 to 1 mm in both axial and lateral directions. Tissue motion in 8 image regions was tracked from 37 to 50/spl deg/C in 0.5/spl deg/C steps. Motion compensated image regions were demodulated with the Hilbert transform and smoothed with a 3/spl times/3 running average filter before forming the backscattered energy at each pixel. Our measure of CBE compared means of both the positive and negative changes in the BE images. CBE changed monotonically by about 4 dB at 50/spl deg/C from its value at 37/spl deg/C. Relatively noise-free CBE curves from tissue volumes of less than 1 cm/sup 3/ supports the use of CBE for temperature estimation. Motion in 3D will affect CBE values, but because beam width in elevation is larger than the lateral width, effects of motion in elevation on CBE may be less. Thus, we expect CBE to support temperature estimation in 3D. Furthermore, because CBE exploits inherent tissue inhomogeneities, extension to in vivo applications is a genuine prospect.
机译：无创温度成像将增强在治疗水平上均匀加热肿瘤的能力。超声波是用于此目的的一种有吸引力的方式。以前，我们预测了某些亚波长散射体的超声背向散射能（CBE）的单调变化。我们在牛肝，火鸡胸肉和猪排骨中在一维中测得的CBE值与我们的预测相似。手动校正了这些测量值，以了解散射体的轴向位置随温度的变化。为了研究二维温度对CBE的影响，我们在水浴中加热37至50 / spl deg / C的过程中对1厘米厚的牛肝进行了成像。图像由具有7 MHz线性探头的Terason 2000成像仪形成。利用来自Terason 2000（由Teratech Corp.提供）的RF信号，可以将互相关用作相似性度量，以自动跟踪随温度变化的特征位移。组织在整个样本上的运动是不均匀的，在轴向和横向上的典型总位移为0.5到1 mm。以0.5 / spl deg / C的步长从37到50 / spl deg / C跟踪了8个图像区域中的组织运动。使用Hilbert变换对运动补偿的图像区域进行解调，并使用3 / spl次/ 3的运行平均滤波器对其进行平滑处理，然后在每个像素处形成反向散射能量。我们对CBE的测量比较了BE图像中正向和负向变化的均值。 CBE在50 / spl deg / C时从其37 / spl deg / C的值单调变化约4 dB。小于1 cm / sup 3 /的组织体积的相对无噪声的CBE曲线支持使用CBE进行温度估计。 3D中的运动将影响CBE值，但是由于高程中的波束宽度大于横向宽度，因此高程中的运动对CBE的影响可能较小。因此，我们希望CBE支持3D温度估算。此外，由于CBE利用固有的组织不均匀性，因此将其扩展到体内应用是真正的前景。

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