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首页> 外文会议>8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation >APPLICATION OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S GROUNDWATER RESTORATION STRATEGY
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APPLICATION OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S GROUNDWATER RESTORATION STRATEGY

机译：美国能源部门地下水修复策略的应用

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Restoration of ground water contaminated from activities at sites for which the United States Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible poses a daunting task. Challenges arise as a result of difficult hydrogeologic settings (e.g., karst, fractured rock, extreme depth), unique contaminants (e.g., tritium, technetium-99, dense non aqueous phase liquids [DNAPL]), and the sheer volume of water and contaminants involved. With remedies selected or proposed for 97 of 134 plumes identified in a recent Departmental survey, the annual cost of operation and maintenance for remedies is estimated to be $78 million per year. When extrapolated across the estimated years of operation, the reported cost exceeds $4 billion. As a consequence, the Department is developing a groundwater restoration strategy to help identify the sequence of activities that will provide the greatest level of risk reduction/resource restoration for a given level of expenditure. The strategy, which is being reviewed by the U. S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), DOE's primary regulatory contact, has evolved with experience gained through technical reviews of existing activities at individual sites. Currently, the greatest cost for restoration of ground water at DOE sites is associated with operation and maintenance of pump and treat systems. Historically, pump and treat has been applied as the default remedy for ground water and is specified as the sole remedy or a portion of the remedy in two thirds of the DOE plumes for which remedies have been selected. Most of these systems were selected with the objective of restoring the aquifer to a quality that would support potable use of water. However, experience has shown that pump and treat remedies cannot achieve such restoration in reasonable time frames in many settings typical at DOE sites. Indeed, in a 1994 review of pump and treat remedies in the U.S., the National Research Council (NRC, 1994) determined that at 69 of 77 sites studied, restoration had not been achieved to date and could take extended periods of performance for contaminant concentrations to be reduced below target levels. In general, once initial concentrations have been reduced, the effectiveness of a pump and treat operation rapidly diminishes as relatively dilute water is pumped and treated, yet little or no substantive reductions in concentration are observed. Thus, the cost/benefit ratio of operating the systems ultimately plummets even when pumping rates and well placement are optimized. The Department's strategy prescribes a transition to the use of more-cost-effective passive technologies or approaches such as monitored natural attenuation at the point where pump and treat experiences diminishing returns. Transition to these more cost-effective approaches can save substantial amounts of money with no real loss of risk reduction. The strategy is equally applicable to groundwater contamination anywhere, and if applied early in the program, can save significant resources while continuing to ensure human health and the environment are fully protected.
机译：恢复由美国能源部（DOE）负责的活动场所所污染的地下水是一项艰巨的任务。由于困难的水文地质环境（例如岩溶，裂隙岩石，极限深度），独特的污染物（例如tri，99 ,、浓非水相液体[DNAPL]）以及巨大的水和污染物体积，带来了挑战涉及。在最近的部门调查中，针对134种烟中的97种选择或提议了补救措施，估计每年的运营和维护费用为7800万美元。如果按估计的运作年限推断，则报告的成本超过40亿美元。因此，该部正在制定地下水恢复策略，以帮助确定在给定的支出水平下最大程度地降低风险/恢复资源的活动顺序。该策略正在由美国能源部的主要监管联系人美国环境保护署（EPA）进行审查，该战略的发展是通过对各个站点的现有活动进行技术审查而获得的经验。当前，在DOE站点恢复地下水的最大成本与泵和处理系统的运行和维护有关。历史上，抽水处理被用作地下水的默认补救措施，并被指定为DOE羽状流中三分之二的唯一补救措施或一部分补救措施。选择这些系统中的大多数系统的目的是将含水层恢复到支持饮用水的质量。但是，经验表明，在DOE站点的许多典型环境中，泵送和治疗方法无法在合理的时间范围内实现这种恢复。实际上，在1994年对美国的泵送和治疗措施进行的审查中，美国国家研究委员会（NRC，1994）确定，在研究的77个场所中，有69个场所迄今尚未实现修复，可能需要较长时间才能对污染物浓度进行测试。降低到目标水平以下。通常，一旦降低了初始浓度，由于泵送和处理了相对稀的水，泵和处理操作的效率就会迅速降低，但观察到的浓度几乎没有或没有实质性的降低。因此，即使优化了抽水速率和井位布置，运行系统的成本/收益比最终也会下降。该部的战略规定，要过渡到使用更具成本效益的无源技术或方法，例如在抽水和治疗经历的收益递减的点上监测自然衰减。过渡到这些更具成本效益的方法可以节省大量资金，而不会真正导致降低风险。该策略同样适用于任何地方的地下水污染，如果在计划的早期应用，则可以节省大量资源，同时继续确保人类健康和环境得到充分保护。

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