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A comparative study of air carrier and business jet TCAS RA experiences

机译：航空承运人和公务机TCAS RA经验的比较研究

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The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II), a critical aviation safety system, uses onboard surveillance to automatically detect potential airborne threats and issue vertical maneuvering guidance, or Resolution Advisories (RAs), to help pilots resolve conflicts. These RAs and relevant encounter details are recorded by the Federal Aviation Administration's TCAS Operational Performance Assessment (TOPA) program to facilitate characterization and assessment of TCAS performance in U.S. airspace. This paper summarizes a comparison of TCAS experiences among major air carriers, regional air carriers, and business jets. It found that RA rates for business jets were 4.5 times higher than major air carriers and 2.5 times higher than regional air carriers. Most significantly, business jets were 14 times more likely to be involved in low-separation encounters. The differences in operating environments was identified as a key factor: air carriers typically operate at commercial airports within strictly controlled airspace, whereas business jets more often operate at low altitudes in airspace where air traffic control separation is not mandatory between all aircraft, and the use of visual separation procedures is prevalent, often in proximity to small, non-commercial airports. Another noteworthy finding revealed non-compliance with TCAS RAs was a common factor in many low separation encounters. These results suggest current TCAS training and the design of future collision avoidance systems should explicitly consider the different environments in which TCAS-equipped aircraft may operate.
机译：交通预警和防撞系统（TCAS II）是关键的航空安全系统，它使用机载监视来自动检测潜在的空中威胁并发布垂直机动指导或解决方案咨询（RA），以帮助飞行员解决冲突。这些RA和相关遭遇细节由联邦航空管理局的TCAS运营绩效评估（TOPA）计划记录，以帮助表征和评估TCAS在美国领空的绩效。本文总结了主要航空承运人，支线航空承运人和公务机之间TCAS经验的比较。调查发现，公务机的RA率比主要航空母舰高4.5倍，比地区航空母舰高2.5倍。最重要的是，公务机参与低间隔接触的可能性要高出14倍。运营环境的差异被认为是一个关键因素：航空母舰通常在严格控制的领空内的商业机场运行，而公务喷气机更经常在空域内的低空运行，在这种高度下，并非所有飞机之间都必须进行空中交通管制隔离，并且使用视觉分离程序很普遍，通常在小型非商业机场附近。另一个值得注意的发现表明，不遵守TCAS RA是许多低分离遭遇中的常见因素。这些结果表明，目前的TCAS培训和未来防撞系统的设计应明确考虑配备TCAS的飞机可能在不同的环境中运行。

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