首页> 外文会议>Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association;IRPA 12 >The 'constructive regulation' of phosphates and phosphogypsum A new, evidence-based approach to regulating a NORM industry vital to the global community
【24h】

The 'constructive regulation' of phosphates and phosphogypsum A new, evidence-based approach to regulating a NORM industry vital to the global community

机译:磷酸盐和磷石膏的“建设性监管”一种新的,基于证据的方法来规范对全球社会至关重要的NORM行业

获取原文

摘要

IAEA has included phosphate production among twelve NORM industries identified for scrutiny and possibleregulation. “Wet” production results in 1. phosphoric acid, as phosphate essential for world-wide foodproduction; and 2. phosphogypsum (PG), which in some countries is used in both agriculture and construction.Phosphate deposits contain ~(238)U and ~(232)Th and their decay products; some have sufficient U content forcommercial recovery. This puts the industry within the scope of the IAEA Fundamental Safety Principles, and ofthe International Basic Safety Standards (BSS). Phosphogypsum is a test case for defining and managing NORMindustry residues and wastes as typical activity concentrations are extremely low but worldwide stockpilesamount to billions of tonnes. In some jurisdictions, phosphogypsum is regulated as a hazardous, radioactivewaste rather than as a resource – with costly results. The phosphate industry is undergoing its most profoundchange since World War II, led by surging demand from Brazil, Russia, India and China, Established productioncentres, such as Morocco, are increasing capacity; major new facilities are being built, such as Ma’aden, SaudiArabia. In consequence, many local jurisdictions face unfamiliar challenges and seek guidance on how toproceed. New research both on phosphate and phosphogypsum has significantly changed our understanding ofthe domain. A five year study of phosphogypsum use in Huelva, Spain, presents a model of a coherent,evidence-based approach, grounded in sound policy, good science and best practices. The “constructiveregulation” approach builds directly on evidence and lessons learned from a long, continuous tradition of PG usein Spain, Brazil and the United States. It draws on the results of the Stack Free by ’53? project to modify JohnNash’s cooperative game and bargaining theory as a basis for defining a new sustainable point of equilibrium inwhich phosphogypsum production and consumption are in balance.
机译:国际原子能机构已将磷酸盐生产列入了经仔细审查并可能确定的十二个NORM行业中 规定。 “湿式”生产产生1.磷酸,作为全球食品必不可少的磷酸盐 生产; 2.磷石膏(PG),在一些国家中既用于农业又用于建筑。 磷酸盐沉积物含有〜(238)U和〜(232)Th及其衰变产物。一些具有足够的U含量 商业复苏。这使该行业处于IAEA基本安全原则和国际原子能机构(IAEA)基本原则的范围之内。 国际基本安全标准(BSS)。磷石膏是定义和管理NORM的测试用例 工业残留物和废物的典型活动浓度极低,但全球库存量 达数十亿吨。在某些辖区,磷石膏被监管为有害的,放射性的 浪费而不是资源–结果代价高昂。磷酸盐行业正在经历其最深刻的 第二次世界大战以来的变化,在巴西,俄罗斯,印度和中国的需求激增的带动下,已确定生产 摩洛哥等中心正在增加能力;主要的新设施正在建设中,例如沙特的马阿登 阿拉伯。因此,许多地方司法管辖区都面临着陌生的挑战,并寻求有关如何 继续。磷酸盐和磷石膏的新研究极大地改变了我们对磷酸盐和磷石膏的认识 域。在西班牙韦尔瓦进行的磷石膏使用研究进行了为期五年的研究,提出了一种连贯的模型, 基于证据的方法,以合理的政策,良好的科学知识和最佳实践为基础。 “建设性的 监管”方法直接基于从长期,连续使用PG的传统中汲取的证据和经验教训 在西班牙,巴西和美国。它利用了'53的免费堆栈的结果?修改约翰的项目 纳什(Nash)的合作博弈和讨价还价理论是定义美国新的可持续均衡点的基础 哪些磷石膏的生产和消费处于平衡状态。

著录项

相似文献

  • 外文文献
  • 中文文献
  • 专利
获取原文

客服邮箱:kefu@zhangqiaokeyan.com

京公网安备:11010802029741号 ICP备案号:京ICP备15016152号-6 六维联合信息科技 (北京) 有限公司©版权所有
  • 客服微信

  • 服务号