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A multi-method approach towards identifying situational factors and their relevance for X-ray screening

机译：识别情境因素及其与X射线检查相关性的多方法方法

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In the last decade, large investments have been made to improve airport security for safeguarding air transportation. X-ray screening of passenger bags is a key component of airport security procedures. State-of-the art X-ray screening systems provide high quality images, yet the decision whether a passenger bag has to be further investigated (e.g. using manual search) still relies on human operators (X-ray screeners). The primary work task of X-ray screeners is to visually inspect X-ray images of passenger bags for prohibited items and decide whether a bag is OK or not in a reasonable amount of time. It is well-known from scientific research that human performance depends on a variety of situational factors. Understanding which situational factors are relevant for X-ray screening at airports can provide important insights for increasing efficiency and effectiveness at airport security checkpoints. A multi-method job analysis was developed to identify situational factors which influence X-ray screeners' primary work task in cabin baggage screening (CBS) at a European airport. First, qualitative work observation was applied to identify situational factors. Then, interviews with experts were conducted to gain further insights on which situational factors could be relevant for X-ray screening by human operators. These methods provided the basis for a survey conducted with X-ray screeners in order to obtain ratings of how relevant situational factors are and how often they occur. A list of main situational factors that influence X-ray screeners' primary work task was elaborated throughout the process and summarized in a categorical system using impact and frequency. Factors of high impact and frequency were bag content depending on different kinds of materials; bag complexity and how bags and trays are packed and put on the conveyor belt. Factors of medium relevance were factors of the work environment (noise, light, air, temperature and quality of X-ray images), tea- specific factors (communication, time pressure and team atmosphere) and other factors affecting X-ray screening (operational processes of secondary bag search, loading of bags, passengers causing fuss and hassle). The reported results indicate the presence of several situational factors affecting X-ray screeners' primary work task.
机译：在过去的十年中，已经进行了大量的投资来改善机场的安全性，以保护航空运输。乘客行李的X射线检查是机场安全程序的关键组成部分。最先进的X射线检查系统可提供高质量的图像，但是是否需要进一步研究（例如使用手动搜索）乘员包的决定仍然取决于操作员（X射线检查器）。 X射线检查器的主要工作是目视检查乘客行李的X射线图像中是否有违禁物品，并在合理的时间内确定行李是否合格。从科学研究中众所周知，人类的表现取决于各种情况因素。了解哪些情况因素与机场X射线检查相关，可以为提高机场安全检查站的效率和有效性提供重要的见解。开发了一种多方法工作分析，以识别在欧洲机场影响X射线检查员在机舱行李检查（CBS）中主要工作任务的情况因素。首先，应用定性工作观察来确定情境因素。然后，与专家进行了访谈，以进一步了解哪些情况因素可能与操作员进行X射线检查有关。这些方法为使用X射线筛检仪进行调查提供了基础，以便获得有关情况因素的等级以及它们发生的频率的评级。在整个过程中详细列出了影响X射线筛查员主要工作任务的主要情况因素，并在使用影响和频率的分类系统中进行了总结。高冲击力和高频率的因素是袋子的内装物，具体取决于不同种类的材料。袋子的复杂性以及袋子和托盘的包装方式以及如何将其放在传送带上。媒体相关性的因素包括工作环境（噪声，光线，空气，温度和X射线图像的质量），特定于茶的因素（交流，时间压力和团队氛围）以及其他影响X射线筛查的因素（可操作性）次要行李搜索，行李装载，造成麻烦和麻烦的乘客的过程）。报告的结果表明存在几种影响X射线筛查仪主要工作任务的情境因素。

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